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Chapter 2 Atoms and Elements

Chapter 2 Atoms and Elements. Electron Arrangement and Periodic Law. Characteristics of Electrons. Extremely small mass Located outside the nucleus Moving at extremely high speeds in a sphere Have specific energy levels. Energy of Electrons.

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Chapter 2 Atoms and Elements

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  1. Chapter 2Atoms and Elements Electron Arrangement and Periodic Law LecturePLUS Timberlake

  2. Characteristics of Electrons • Extremely small mass • Located outside the nucleus • Moving at extremely high speeds in a sphere • Have specific energy levels LecturePLUS Timberlake

  3. Energy of Electrons • When atoms are heated, bright lines appear called line spectra • Electrons in atoms arranged in discrete levels. • An electron absorbs energy to “jump” to a higher energy level. • When an electron falls to a lower energy level, energy is emitted. LecturePLUS Timberlake

  4. Loss and Gain of Energy Loss G a I n LecturePLUS Timberlake

  5. Learning Check EA1 Answer with 1) Energy absorbed 2) Energy emitted 3) No change in energy A. What energy change takes place when an electron in a hydrogen atom moves from the first (n=1) to the second shell (n=2)? B. What energy change takes place when the electron moves from the third shell to the second shell? LecturePLUS Timberlake

  6. Solution EA1 A. 1) Energy absorbed B. 2) Energy emitted LecturePLUS Timberlake

  7. Bohr Model • First model of the electron structure • Gives levels where an electron is most likely to be found • Incorrect today, but a key in understanding the atom LecturePLUS Timberlake

  8. Quantum Mechanics Describes the arrangement and space occupied by electrons in atoms LecturePLUS Timberlake

  9. Electron Levels (Shells) • Contain electrons that are similar in energy and distance from nucleus • Low energy electrons are closest to the nucleus • Identify by numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6….. • The first shell (1) is lowest in energy, 2nd level next and so on 1<2<3<4 LecturePLUS Timberlake

  10. Number of Electrons Maximum number of electrons in any electron level = 2n2 n =1 2(1)2 = 2 n =2 2(2)2 = 8 n =3 2(3)2 = 18 LecturePLUS Timberlake

  11. Order of Electron Filling All electrons in the same energy level have similar energy. Shell 1 2 electrons Shell 2 8 electrons Shell 3 18 electrons (8 first, later 10) Order of filling for the first 20 electrons Shell 1 2 3 4 2e 8e 8e 2e LecturePLUS Timberlake

  12. Electron Configuration • Lists the shells containing electrons • Written in order of increasing energy Element Shell 1 2 3 He 2 C 2 4 F 2 7 Ne 2 8 Al 2 8 3 Cl 2 8 7 LecturePLUS Timberlake

  13. Learning Check EA2 A. The electron configuration for sulfur 1) 2,6 2) 8,2,6 3) 2, 8, 6 B. The element in period 3 with two electrons in the outermost energy level 1) Mg 2) Ca 3) Be LecturePLUS Timberlake

  14. Solution EA2 A. The electron configuration for sulfur 3) 2, 8, 6 B. The element in period 3 with two electrons in the outermost energy level 1) Mg LecturePLUS Timberlake

  15. Learning Check EA3 Indicate the number of electrons in the final notation of the electron configuration for each: A. O 1) 4 2) 6 3) 8 B. Al 1) 13 2) 3 3) 1 C. Cl 1) 2 2) 5 3) 7 LecturePLUS Timberlake

  16. Solution EA3 Indicate the number of electrons in the final notation of the electron configuration for each: A. O 2) 6 B. Al 2) 3 C. Cl 3) 7 LecturePLUS Timberlake

  17. Learning Check EA4 For phosphorus, indicate if each configuration is (1) correct or (2) incorrect. Explain why or why not? A. 2, 2, 8, 5 1 or 2 B. 2, 8, 3 1 or 2 C. 2, 8, 5 1 or 2 D. 2, 6, 7 1 or 2 LecturePLUS Timberlake

  18. Solution EA4 For phosphorus, indicate if each configuration is (1) correct or (2) incorrect. Explain why or why not? A. 2, 2, 8, 5 2Shell 2 holds 8e- B. 2, 8, 3 2 P has 15 electrons C. 2, 8, 5 1Correct arrangement D. 2, 6, 7 2Shell 2 holds 8e- LecturePLUS Timberlake

  19. Periodic Law All the elements in a group have the same electron configuration in their outermost shells Example: Group 2 Be 2, 2 Mg 2, 8, 2 Ca 2, 2, 8, 2 LecturePLUS Timberlake

  20. Learning Check EA5 Specify if each pair has chemical properties that are similar (1) or not similar (2): A. Cl and Br B. 2 - 5 and 2 - 8 - 7 C. 2 - 4 and 2 - 8 - 4 D. P and S E. O and S LecturePLUS Timberlake

  21. Solution EA5 Specify if each pair has chemical properties that are similar (1) or not similar (2): A. Cl and Br 1 B. 2 - 5 and 2 - 8 - 7 2 C. 2 - 4 and 2 - 8 - 4 1 D. P and S 2 E. O and S 1 LecturePLUS Timberlake

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