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Computer Skills

Computer Skills. Chapter 2: Computer Hardware. Outlines. Computing Terminology Basic Parts of The Computer Input Output Storage Processing Connections and Ports Common File types and their Formats Computer Data Representation. 1. Computing Terminology.

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Computer Skills

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  1. Computer Skills Chapter2: Computer Hardware

  2. Outlines • Computing Terminology • Basic Parts of The Computer • Input • Output • Storage • Processing • Connections and Ports • Common File types and their Formats • Computer Data Representation

  3. 1. Computing Terminology • Data: (refer to raw or unorganized information)a representation of facts, concepts, or instructions, which should be suitable for processing by computer. • Information: (refer to processed data) is organized or classified data, which has some meaningful values for the receiver. • Program: A program is a set of coded instructions to control the operation of a computer or to perform some tasks.

  4. 2. Basic Parts of The Computer • All IT equipment, whether a smartphones, laptops, tablets or a desktop computers consist of certain basic elements: • Motherboard; the part of the computer where such things as the processor and memory modules are attached. It also has connectors for external devices, and it controls the operation of all other components of the computer. • processor; the part that retrieves instructions and the necessary data from the main memory, executes the functions specified in the instructions, and transfers the processed data back to the main memory. • Random Access Memory (RAM);where the operating system is loaded at start-up. Your files being processed are also loaded there. • Hard drive; the permanent memory of the computer where saved files remain even when the computer is turned off. This is why all files are saved to the hard drive. • All computers and mobile devices have a display adapter that controls the display image. • Laptop and desktop computers have a physical keyboard.

  5. 2. Basic Parts of The Computer STORAGE DEVICES • The computer is an electronic machine that performs the following four operations: • Input • Process • Output • Store INPUT Devices Processing devices Output Devices

  6. 2.1. Input • Data must be entered into the system to be processed. • An input device is any piece of computer hardware used to provide data (signals, text, Images, audio... etc.). to a computer system. Examples include: • Keyboard; the piece of computer hardware used to input text, characters, and other commands into a computer or similar device. • Mouse; sometimes called a pointer, is a hand-operated device used to manipulate objects on a computer screen.

  7. 2.1. Input • Scanner; a device that optically scans images, printed text, handwriting or an object and converts it to a digital image. • Digital camera; a device that takes pictures like a regular camera, but stores the image as data on a memory instead of printing it to film. • Webcam; is a video camera that feeds or streams its image in real time to or through a computer to a computer network. • Joystick; used for controlling the gaming applications in a computer device.

  8. 2.2. Output • An output device is any device of computer hardware used to carried out the results of data. • Examples include: • Monitor; is one of the most important output devices to display texts and images. Best monitors are the ones with higher resolution which can be measured by the number of pixels per inch (PPI). • Speaker; an output devices that deal with sounds.

  9. 2.2. Output • Printers; are one of the most important output devices to obtained hard copies of documents. There are various types of printers such as: • Laser printer: which are fast and can print in high quality. However, they are expensive. • Inkjet printers: which are print in medium quality. However, their prices are reasonable. • Dot-matrix printer: these printer are cheap and they have low quality printout. • Plotters: mainly used by architectural engineers to print out building plots, maps, and engineering drawing. • Touch screens; such as the ones found in ATMs are considered to be input and output devices at the same time. They are used to display data and they respond to the user’s commands using touch.

  10. 2.3. Storage • A storage deviceis used to store and to retrieve data. • Examples include: • hard disk drive; • Hard Disk have huge storage capacities. • They are fast in terms of retrieving stored data. • Hard disks are usually mounted inside computers. • Compact Disc (CD-ROM / DVD-ROM):CDs/ DVDs are light weight plastic discs with a light reflecting layer. Data can be stored by using laser light. • Flash Memory; is a memory chip used for storage and for transferring data between a personal computer (PC) and digital devices.

  11. 2.4. Processing • Processing is the transformation process to convert the raw data to machine-readable formthat performed by the Central Processing Unit (CPU) and memoryunits. • The central processing unit (CPU) is a small electron chip mounted on the motherboard. • CPU is the brain of computers, it processes data and performs arithmetic and logical operations. • CPUs differ in speed and ability to handle data. • CPU speed is measure in Hz for example (MHz and GHz). • The CPU consist of three parts: • Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU) • Control Unit (CU) • Registers

  12. 2.4. Processing • Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): • it performs mathematical operations such as (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division) and Logical operations such as (comparisons of values, selections, matching and data merging). • Control Unit (CU): • It directs operations within a computer’s processor. • It lets the computer’s logic unit, memory, as well as both input and output devices know how to respond to instructions received from a program. • Registers : • Registers refer to temporary data storage allocations. • They hold transitory data while the instruction is being carried out.

  13. Memory Unit • Memory units hold the data and instructions that the Central Processing Unit (CPU) needs. • The CPU deals with stored data and software when executing the required operations. • The main types of memory are: • Random Access Memory (RAM) • Cache Memory • Read Only Memory (ROM)

  14. Memory Unit • Random Access Memory (RAM): • It stores data temporarily while the computer and the programs are running. • It loses its content as soon as the computer is turned off or in case power is disconnected. • Read Only Memory (ROM): • This type of memory stores the data needed to start up the computer. • It does not lose its contents if the computer is turned off or if the power is disconnected. • Cache Memory • This Memory stores the data and instructions that most programs access over and over. • By keeping as much of this information as possible in this memory, the computer avoids accessing the slower RAM, which in turns makes the computer fast.

  15. 3. Connections and Ports • External devices are connected to a computer using cables and ports. • Ports are slots on the motherboard into which a cable of external device is plugged in. Examples of external devices attached via ports are the mouse, keyboard, monitor, microphone, speakers, etc. • There are several forms of ports, such as: • AC POWER CONNECTOR: it is power plugs and sockets that allow electric equipment to be connected to the primary alternating current (AC) power supply in buildings and at other sites. • LOCAL AREA NETWORK PORT (LAN): Used to connect computers to the Internet via a network cable. • USB PORT (UniversalSerial Bus): it is a standard cable connection interface for personal computers and consumer electronics devices, such as the mouse, keyboard, digital camera, USB flash drive, scanner etc.

  16. 3. Connections and Ports • AUDIO PORTS: consist of three connectors: audio out (green arrow out or headset), audio in (blue arrow in) and microphone (red microphone). • HDMI port: High DefinitionMultimedia Interface (HDMI) it enables a high-quality picture and audio transfer between connected devices. • WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network): It allows awireless connection between the computers and networks • Bluetooth networks: it is a radio communication technology that enables low-power, short distance wireless networking between phones, computers, and other network devices.

  17. 4. Common File types and their Formats • A file is an object on a computer that stores data, information, settings, or commands used with a computer program. • File type is the default format of data files of any application. • There can be huge numbers of file types and their formats but mostly common file types which we come across can be the followings: • Executable Formats;files that run programs. These files run and install upon clicking or through proper commands. • Compression Formats; Groups of files can be compressed and combined into a single compressed archive file, which makes the group of files easier to distribute and transport. • Audio and Video Formats; files containing audio (such as voice recordings, music, or audio books) and video (movies, music videos, presentations, TV shows, and so on) are often referred to as media clips. • Image Formats; Files that store still images, like photos, drawings etc. • Document Formats; These formats include various types of text files, spreadsheets, presentations, and page layouts and all types of data files that we create in business-oriented applications.

  18. 4. Common File types and their Formats • A computer file extension is commonly a three character addition that follows the name of a file. • The following table shows a list of the most common file extensions.

  19. 5. Computer Data Representation • Computers are electronics machines that deal with the electric current using two modes (ON = 1, OFF = 0). Therefore, the computer uses the Binary Digit System that consist only of 1s and 0s. This value is called “Bit”. • Every alphabetic character, number or symbol is represented using a set of eight bits (referred to as the Byte) • There is a number of character encoding schemas, the most popular are: • ASCII Code: Abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information Interchange, which is one of the most popular character encoding schemes. • Unicode: which is a character encoding scheme that supports more characters.

  20. 5. Computer Data Representation • The following table lists four units used to measure computer memory and storage: • Example: 3 GB = 3×1024×1024 KB, OR 3 GB = 3×1024 MB.

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