1 / 72

Measuring Output Rates

Measuring Output Rates. Supplement H. Work Standards. A work standard is the time required for a trained worker to perform a task following a prescribed method with normal effort and skill. Used in the following ways: Establishing prices and costs. Motivating workers.

lavender
Download Presentation

Measuring Output Rates

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. MeasuringOutput Rates Supplement H

  2. Work Standards • A work standard is the time required for a trained worker to perform a task following a prescribed method with normal effort and skill. Used in the following ways: • Establishing prices and costs. • Motivating workers. • Comparing alternative process designs. • Scheduling. • Capacity planning. • Performance appraisal.

  3. Methods of Work Measurement • The time study method. • The elemental standard data approach. • The predetermined data approach. • The work sampling method.

  4. The Time Study Method • Time study is the method used most often. • Step 1: Selecting the work elements. • Step 2: Timing the elements. • Step 3: Determining sample size. • Step 4: Setting the standard.

  5. Time Study Method Example H.1 Packaging Coffee Cups

  6. Step 1: Selecting Work Elements Work Element 1. Get two cartons 2. Put liner in carton 3. Place cups in carton 4. Seal carton and set aside Time Study Method Example H.1

  7. Step 2: Timing the Elements (10 observations) Standard Select Deviation,  Time, t Work Element (minutes) (minutes) 1. Get two cartons 0.0305 0.50 2. Put liner in carton 0.0171 0.11 3. Place cups in carton 0.0226 0.71 4. Seal carton and set aside 0.0241 1.10 Time Study Method Example H.1 Work element 1 was observed only 5 times because it occurs once every two work cycles.

  8. Step 3: Determining the Sample Size Standard Select Required Deviation,  Time, t Sample Work Element (minutes) (minutes) Size 1. Get two cartons 0.0305 0.50 2. Put liner in carton 0.0171 0.11 3. Place cups in carton 0.0226 0.71 4. Seal carton and set aside 0.0241 1.10 n = [( )( )] z p t 2 Time Study Method Example H.1

  9. Desired Confidence (%) z 90 1.65 95 1.96 96 2.05 97 2.17 98 2.33 99 2.58 Standard Select Required Deviation,  Time, t Sample Work Element (minutes) (minutes) Size 1. Get two cartons 0.0305 0.50 2. Put liner in carton 0.0171 0.11 3. Place cups in carton 0.0226 0.71 4. Seal carton and set aside 0.0241 1.10 n = [( )( )] z p t 2 Time Study Method Example H.1 Step 3: Determining the Sample Size p = 0.04 z = 1.96

  10. Step 3: Determining the Sample Size Standard Select Required Deviation,  Time, t Sample Work Element (minutes) (minutes) Size 1. Get two cartons 0.0305 0.50 2. Put liner in carton 0.0171 0.11 3. Place cups in carton 0.0226 0.71 4. Seal carton and set aside 0.0241 1.10 n = [( )( )] 1.96 0.04 t 2 Time Study Method Example H.1

  11. Step 3: Determining the Sample Size Standard Select Required Deviation,  Time, t Sample Work Element (minutes) (minutes) Size 1. Get two cartons 0.0305 0.50 2. Put liner in carton 0.0171 0.11 3. Place cups in carton 0.0226 0.71 4. Seal carton and set aside 0.0241 1.10 n = [( )( )] 1.96 0.04 t 2 Time Study Method Example H.1

  12. Step 3: Determining the Sample Size Standard Select Required Deviation,  Time, t Sample Work Element (minutes) (minutes) Size 1. Get two cartons 0.0305 0.50 2. Put liner in carton 0.0171 0.11 3. Place cups in carton 0.0226 0.71 4. Seal carton and set aside 0.0241 1.10 n = [( )( )] 1.96 0.0305 0.04 0.500 2 Time Study Method Example H.1

  13. Step 3: Determining the Sample Size Standard Select Required Deviation,  Time, t Sample Work Element (minutes) (minutes) Size 1. Get two cartons 0.0305 0.50 9 2. Put liner in carton 0.0171 0.11 3. Place cups in carton 0.0226 0.71 4. Seal carton and set aside 0.0241 1.10 n = [( )( )] 1.96 0.04 t 2 Time Study Method Example H.1

  14. Step 3: Determining the Sample Size Standard Select Required Deviation,  Time, t Sample Work Element (minutes) (minutes) Size 1. Get two cartons 0.0305 0.50 9 2. Put liner in carton 0.0171 0.11 58 3. Place cups in carton 0.0226 0.71 4. Seal carton and set aside 0.0241 1.10 n = [( )( )] 1.96 0.04 t 2 Time Study Method Example H.1

  15. Step 3: Determining the Sample Size Standard Select Required Deviation,  Time, t Sample Work Element (minutes) (minutes) Size 1. Get two cartons 0.0305 0.50 9 2. Put liner in carton 0.0171 0.11 58 3. Place cups in carton 0.0226 0.71 3 4. Seal carton and set aside 0.0241 1.10 n = [( )( )] 1.96 0.04 t 2 Time Study Method Example H.1

  16. Step 3: Determining the Sample Size Standard Select Required Deviation,  Time, t Sample Work Element (minutes) (minutes) Size 1. Get two cartons 0.0305 0.50 9 2. Put liner in carton 0.0171 0.11 58 3. Place cups in carton 0.0226 0.71 3 4. Seal carton and set aside 0.0241 1.10 2 n = [( )( )] 1.96 0.04 t 2 Time Study Method Example H.1

  17. Step 3: Determining the Sample Size Standard Select Required Deviation,  Time, t Sample Work Element (minutes) (minutes) Size 1. Get two cartons 0.0305 0.50 9 2. Put liner in carton 0.0171 0.11 58 3. Place cups in carton 0.0226 0.71 3 4. Seal carton and set aside 0.0241 1.10 2 Time Study Method Example H.1 Use largest n, 58.

  18. Step 4: Setting the Standard Work Element t F RF NT 1. Get two cartons 2. Put liner in carton 3. Place cups in carton 4. Seal carton and set aside Time Study Method Example H.2

  19. Step 4: Setting the Standard (after 48 additional observations) Performance rating factor (RF) describes how much above or below the average. Work Element t F RF NT 1. Get two cartons 0.53 0.50 1.05 2. Put liner in carton 0.10 1.00 0.95 3. Place cups in carton 0.75 1.00 1.10 4. Seal carton and set aside 1.08 1.00 0.90 NT = t (F)(RF) Time Study Method Example H.2 Determining normal time

  20. Step 4: Setting the Standard (after 48 additional observations) Work Element t F RF NT 1. Get two cartons 0.53 0.50 1.05 2. Put liner in carton 0.10 1.00 0.95 3. Place cups in carton 0.75 1.00 1.10 4. Seal carton and set aside 1.08 1.00 0.90 NT = t (F)(RF) Time Study Method Example H.2

  21. Step 4: Setting the Standard (after 48 additional observations) Work Element t F RF NT 1. Get two cartons 0.53 0.50 1.05 0.28 2. Put liner in carton 0.10 1.00 0.95 3. Place cups in carton 0.75 1.00 1.10 4. Seal carton and set aside 1.08 1.00 0.90 NT = 0.53(0.50)(1.05) = 0.28 minute Time Study Method Example H.2

  22. Step 4: Setting the Standard (after 48 additional observations) Work Element t F RF NT 1. Get two cartons 0.53 0.50 1.05 0.28 2. Put liner in carton 0.10 1.00 0.95 0.10 3. Place cups in carton 0.75 1.00 1.10 4. Seal carton and set aside 1.08 1.00 0.90 NT = t (F)(RF) Time Study Method Example H.2

  23. Step 4: Setting the Standard (after 48 additional observations) Work Element t F RF NT 1. Get two cartons 0.53 0.50 1.05 0.28 2. Put liner in carton 0.10 1.00 0.95 0.10 3. Place cups in carton 0.75 1.00 1.10 0.83 4. Seal carton and set aside 1.08 1.00 0.90 NT = t (F)(RF) Time Study Method Example H.2

  24. Step 4: Setting the Standard (after 48 additional observations) Work Element t F RF NT 1. Get two cartons 0.53 0.50 1.05 0.28 2. Put liner in carton 0.10 1.00 0.95 0.10 3. Place cups in carton 0.75 1.00 1.10 0.83 4. Seal carton and set aside 1.08 1.00 0.90 0.97 NT = t (F)(RF) Time Study Method Example H.2

  25. Step 4: Setting the Standard (after 48 additional observations) Work Element t F RF NT 1. Get two cartons 0.53 0.50 1.05 0.28 2. Put liner in carton 0.10 1.00 0.95 0.10 3. Place cups in carton 0.75 1.00 1.10 0.83 4. Seal carton and set aside 1.08 1.00 0.90 0.97 Total 2.18 NT = t (F)(RF) NTC = NT Time Study Method Example H.2

  26. Step 4: Setting the Standard (after 48 additional observations) Work Element t F RF NT 1. Get two cartons 0.53 0.50 1.05 0.28 2. Put liner in carton 0.10 1.00 0.95 0.10 3. Place cups in carton 0.75 1.00 1.10 0.83 4. Seal carton and set aside 1.08 1.00 0.90 0.97 Total 2.18 ST = NTC (1 + A) A = allowance time added to adjust for certain factors Time Study Method Example H.3 Determining the standard time

  27. Step 4: Setting the Standard (after 48 additional observations) Work Element t F RF NT 1. Get two cartons 0.53 0.50 1.05 0.28 2. Put liner in carton 0.10 1.00 0.95 0.10 3. Place cups in carton 0.75 1.00 1.10 0.83 4. Seal carton and set aside 1.08 1.00 0.90 0.97 Allowance (A) = 15% Total 2.18 ST = 2.18 (1 + 0.15) = 2.51 minutes/carton Time Study Method Example H.3

  28. Step 4: Setting the Standard (after 48 additional observations) Work Element t F RF NT 1. Get two cartons 0.53 0.50 1.05 0.28 2. Put liner in carton 0.10 1.00 0.95 0.10 3. Place cups in carton 0.75 1.00 1.10 0.83 4. Seal carton and set aside 1.08 1.00 0.90 0.97 Allowance (A) = 15% Total 2.18 Standard Time 2.51 Time Study Method Example H.3

  29. Step 4: Setting the Standard (after 48 additional observations) Work Element t F RF NT 1. Get two cartons 0.53 0.50 1.05 0.28 2. Put liner in carton 0.10 1.00 0.95 0.10 3. Place cups in carton 0.75 1.00 1.10 0.83 4. Seal carton and set aside 1.08 1.00 0.90 0.97 Allowance (A) = 15% Total 2.18 Standard Time 2.51 480 minutes/day 2.51 minutes/carton = 191 cartons/day Time Study Method Example H.3

  30. Calculating Select TimeApplication H.1 Lucy and Ethel have repetitive jobs at the candy factory. Management desires to establish a time standard for this work for which they can be 95% confident to be within ± 6% of the true mean. There are three work elements involved. Step 1: Selecting work elements. #1: Pick up wrapper paper and wrap one piece of candy. #2: Put candy in a box, one at a time. #3: When the box is full (4 pieces), close it and place on conveyor. Step 2: Timing the elements. Select an average trained worker: Lucy will suffice. * Lucy had some rare and unusual difficulties; don't use this observation.

  31. Determining Sample SizeApplication H.1 p = 0.06 z = 1.96

  32. Setting the StandardApplication H.1 Determining Normal Time NTC = NT = 0.12 + 0.09 + 0.06 = 0.27 minutes A = 18.5% ST = NTC(1 + A) = 0.27(1 + 0.185) = 0.32 minutes

  33. Data Approaches • The elemental data approach is a type of data used by analysts to derive standards when a high degree of similarity exists in the work elements. • The predetermined data approach eliminates the need for time studies. • Step 1: Break each work element into its basic micromotions: reach, move, disengage, apply pressure, grasp, position, release, and turn. • Step 2: Find the tabular value accounting for factors such as weight, distance, size of object, degree of difficulty, for each micromotion. • Step 3: Add the NT for each motion to get the NT for the job. • Step 4: Adjust the normal time for allowances to give ST. • Methods time measurement (MTM) is the most commonly used system.

  34. Time TMU Wt. Allowance Distance Hand in Static Moved Motion Wt. (lb) Dynamic Constant (in.) A B C B Up to Factor (TMU) 3/4 or less 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.7 1 2.5 2.9 3.4 2.3 2.5 1.00 0 2 3.6 4.6 5.2 2.9 3 4.9 5.7 6.7 3.6 7.5 1.06 2.2 4 6.1 6.9 8.0 4.3 5 7.3 8.0 9.2 5.0 12.5 1.11 3.9 6 8.1 8.9 10.3 5.7 7 8.9 9.7 11.1 6.5 17.5 1.17 5.6 8 9.7 10.6 11.8 7.2 9 10.5 11.5 12.7 7.9 22.5 1.22 7.4 MTM Predetermined Data

  35. Time TMU Wt. Allowance Distance Hand in Static Moved Motion Wt. (lb) Dynamic Constant (in.) A B C B Up to Factor (TMU) 3/4 or less 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.7 1 2.5 2.9 3.4 2.3 2.5 1.00 0 2 3.6 4.6 5.2 2.9 3 4.9 5.7 6.7 3.6 7.5 1.06 2.2 4 6.1 6.9 8.0 4.3 5 7.3 8.0 9.2 5.0 12.5 1.11 3.9 6 8.1 8.9 10.3 5.7 7 8.9 9.7 11.1 6.5 17.5 1.17 5.6 8 9.7 10.6 11.8 7.2 9 10.5 11.5 12.7 7.9 22.5 1.22 7.4 Case and Description A Move object to other hand or against stop. B Move object to approximate or indefinite location. C Move object to exact location. MTM Predetermined Data

  36. The Work Sampling Method • Work sampling is the process of estimating the proportions of the time spent by people and machines on activities, based on a large number of observations. • Step 1: Define the activities. • Step 2: Design the observation form. • Step 3: Determine the length of the study. • Step 4: Determine the initial sample size. • Step 5: Select random observation times. • Step 6: Determine the observer schedule. • Step 7: Observe the activities and record the data. • Step 8: Decide whether additional sampling is required.

  37. Work Sampling Example H.4 Nurses Accessing Records

  38. Determining the Sample Size ^ ^ p(1 – p) n e = z Probability that true proportion will fall within confidence interval ^ ^ ^ p – e p p + e Confidenceinterval Work Sampling Example H.4

  39. Determining the Sample Size Time spent accessing records RN 0.20 LVN 0.05 Maximum error ±0.03 Confidence level 95%  z 2 e ^ ^ n = p(1 – p) Work Sampling Example H.4

  40. Determining the Sample Size Time spent accessing records RN 0.20 LVN 0.05 Maximum error ±0.03 Confidence level 95%  1.96 2 0.03 n = (0.20)(0.80) Work Sampling Example H.4

  41. Determining the Sample Size Time spent accessing records RN 0.20 LVN 0.05 Maximum error ±0.03 Confidence level 95% n = 683 observations of RNs Work Sampling Example H.4

  42. Determining the Sample Size Time spent accessing records RN 0.20 LVN 0.05 Maximum error ±0.03 Confidence level 95% n = 683 observations of RNs n = 203 observations of LVNs Work Sampling Example H.4

  43. Recording the Observations Activity Accessing Attending to Other support Idle or Total records patients activities break observations RN LVN Work Sampling Example H.4

  44. Recording the Observations Activity Accessing Attending to Other support Idle or Total records patients activities break observations RN LVN || || ||| | ||| | Work Sampling Example H.4

  45. Recording the Observations Activity Accessing Attending to Other support Idle or Total records patients activities break observations RN 124 258 223 83 688 LVN 28 251 46 19 344 Work Sampling Example H.4

  46. Determining Actual Proportions Activity Accessing Attending to Other support Idle or Total records patients activities break observations RN 124 258 223 83 688 LVN 28 251 46 19 344 Actual proportion for RNs = Actual proportion for LVNs = Work Sampling Example H.4

  47. Determining Actual Proportions Activity Accessing Attending to Other support Idle or Total records patients activities break observations RN 124 258 223 83 688 LVN 28 251 46 19 344 Actual proportion for RNs = 124 / 688 Actual proportion for LVNs = Work Sampling Example H.4

  48. Determining Actual Proportions Activity Accessing Attending to Other support Idle or Total records patients activities break observations RN 124 258 223 83 688 LVN 28 251 46 19 344 Actual proportion for RNs = 124 / 688 Actual proportion for LVNs = 28 / 344 Work Sampling Example H.4

  49. Determining Actual Proportions Activity Accessing Attending to Other support Idle or Total records patients activities break observations RN 124 258 223 83 688 LVN 28 251 46 19 344 Actual proportion for RNs = 0.18 Actual proportion for LVNs = 0.08 Work Sampling Example H.4

  50. Verifying Sample Sizes Time spent accessing records RN 0.20 LVN 0.05 Maximum error ±0.03 Confidence level 95% Activity Accessing Attending to Other support Idle or Total records patients activities break observations RN 124 258 223 83 688 LVN 28 251 46 19 344 Actual proportion for RNs = 0.18 Actual proportion for LVNs = 0.08 Work Sampling Example H.4

More Related