Developmental Theory

1. Developmental Theory Development

2. Erikson’s 8 Stages of Development • (B-2): Trust v. Mistrust • (2-4): Autonomy v. Shame & Doubt • (4-6): Initiative v. Guilt • (6-12): Industry v. Inferiority • (13-19): Identity v. Role Confusion • (20’s & 30’s): Intimacy v. Isolation • (40’s, 50’s & 60’s): Generativity v. Stagnation • (70’s & Up): Ego Integrity v. Despair

3. Trust v. Mistrust • Hope • Considered the most important stage of development because it sets the stage for all of the other stages.

4. Autonomy v. Shame & Doubt Independence • The child learns to say “no” in this stage to assert themselves as separate individuals.

5. Initiative v. Guilt • Curiosity • The child often asks “why” in this stage.

6. Industry v. Inferiority • Skill/Competence • This is the stage in which the child tries to find out what they are good at and develop a skill. Boys especially are competitive but girls can be too.

7. Identity v. Role Confusion • Self-Esteem • The stage in which teenagers attempt to find themselves and fit in with others at the same time. • Role Confusion can be expressed in 5 major ways: Drugs/Alcohol, Bullying/Violence, Depression/Suicide, Eating Disorders, Promiscuity

8. Intimacy v. Isolation • Love • This is the stage in which the individual attempts to connect to another human being. If the person can communicate and share, they experience intimacy. • People can be married and still be isolated. It shows itself in the same ways that role confusion appears. • Erikson considered stages 5 & 6 the most closely related stages and said you need identity to experience intimacy.

9. Generativity v. Stagnation • Purpose • The stage in which the parent serves as a role model for the younger generation. Mid-life Crisis is a synonym for stagnation when it is not handled well.

10. Ego Integrity v. Despair • Wisdom • Integrity is achieved when one looks back over their life and is satisfied. • Despair usually shows itself in 2 ways: depression and hostility

11. Bullying • Occurs most during Middle School • Boys bully physically while girls bully verbally • Girls hang on to bullying situations longer than boys. • Schools have a moral obligation to help students overcome being bullied.

12. Depression • 3 kinds of depression: • 1) Mild-Moderate 2) Severe 3) Manic

13. Depression Signs • Changes in eating/sleeping habits • Sadness/Withdrawal/Apathy • Aggression/Irritation/Violence • Drug & Alcohol Use • Drop in Grades • Promiscuity

14. Depression Causes • Loss • Relationship and Family Problems • School Pressures/Grades • Financial Problems • Trauma • Drug & Alcohol Use • Genetics

15. Depression Treatments • For Mild/Moderate: Exercise, Diet, Therapy • For Severe/Manic: Medication as needed • Support groups, alternative/herbal, meditation, reading

16. Suicide • Females attempt 3/1 • Males commit 3/1 • Males use more violent methods

17. Suicide Myths • Only crazy people attempt suicide • Attempting suicide makes a person less likely to attempt again • Talking about suicide increases the risk of a person committing suicide • Once you see depressed people get better, they are no longer at risk

18. Eating Disorders • Anorexia • Bulimia • Obesity

19. Anorexia • Definition: 15% or more under normal body weight • Distorted body image • Disgust for food

20. Anorexia Characteristics • Upper-middle class whites, ages 15-35 • Perfectionism issues • Over-controlling mother-daughter relationships • 95% female & 5% male

21. Bulimia • Bulimics are usually within 5 pounds of normal body weight • 2 Kinds: Binge-Purge & Binge-Non Purge Correlation between bulimia and past sexual abuse 90% female & 10% male

22. Obesity • Definition: 30% or more over normal body weight and 30-40% in the U.S. are considered obese • #1 Killer in the U.S. today is Diabetes, caused by obesity.

23. Promiscuity • U.S. has the #1 teen pregnancy rate in the industrialized world (Sweden is #2) • 50% of all teens have had intercourse by high school graduation (Stat. is falling in the last 10 years) • 40% of all sexually active females will be pregnant by age 17 • 80% of all those pregnant by age 17 will be pregnant again by age 19 • 15% of high schoolers have had sex with 4 or more partners throughout high school

24. Promiscuity • Average age of the father of the child is 23 • 90% of these men leave • 50% of teen mothers graduate high school • The abuse rate among teen mothers is 3 times the normal population of mothers

25. Birth Control • 2 most effective methods not including abstinence: Pill & Condom • 2 least effective methods: Rhythm & Withdrawal

26. Abstinence • Definition: Refraining from sexual intercourse until marriage • 2 Main Factors: Faith & Father who verbalizes love

27. Rape • Rape: The forced act of sexual Intercourse • 2 kinds of rapists: Date/Acquaintance & Serial

28. Date/Acquaintance Rape • 80% of all rapes are date/acquaintance (victim knows the rapist in some fashion) • Most likely place is in connection with the college scene • Alcohol/Drugs are involved in 50-60% of all rapes

29. Personality of the date/acquaintance Rapist • Macho, narcissistic, aggressive, history of aggression/violence, believes that he is a “gift” to girls and that they want him. Believes that it is not rape, but desired sex. • Ages 15-30, Single, White • Might even ask her out again • Follows her for an average of 2 weeks before he “strikes.”

30. Serial Rape • 20% of all rapes are serial rapes • Rapist does not know the victim • Alcohol/Drugs are not involved • Rape is typically more violent and dangerous • A weapon is often carried • No commonality of location

31. Personality of the Serial Rapist • Typically violent, possibly dangerous and history of violent attacks, possibly a sociopath • Ages 30-50, could be married or single, could have kids or not, typically minority

32. Preventing Rape Before it Happens • Be aware of your surroundings • Trust your instincts • Travel in pairs/packs • Stay drug/alcohol free

33. Preventing Date Rape as it Happens • Don’t plan to physically win the battle • Tell him who you are and what he’s doing • Use the word rape • Make sure he knows you will follow through with prosecution and exposing him

34. Preventing Serial Rape as it Happens • Humanize yourself • Tell him your name, point out your family • Ask if he would want this to happen to someone he cared about • Continue to humanize yourself and to talk

35. Statutory Rape • Consensual sex between 2 people in which one is under the age of 18 and one is over the age of 18 (California). Some states have the age of consent at 17. • Some states have a shield law in which the law is not enforced if the relationship has existed for more than 2 years and the age difference is less than 2 years (California is not one of those states)

36. Statutory Rape Cont’d • 2 ways of being “discovered” • Breakup which turns into hate • Parents who turn over the boyfriend

37. Stage 8 - Erikson • The stage in which the person looks back over their life and determines whether they have lived a satisfactory life or whether they have lived a regretful life.

38. Death & Dying • Elizabeth Kubler-Ross • 5 Stages of death & dying -Denial: inability to admit death -Anger: overcome by angry emotions -Bargaining: promising to do more -Depression: withdrawing from others -Acceptance: coming to terms with mortality -Hope: thinking about the welfare of others

39. Death & Dying • People can go through any order and be in one stage or get through all of the stages • Most people do get to acceptance at some point

40. Test 3 Review • 10 Questions: Matching Erikson Stages with their basic meanings • 8 Questions: Matching Erikson stages with their virtues • 5 Questions: Matching Kubler-Ross stages with their basic meanings • 2 Questions: Kubler-Ross Stages

41. Test 3 Review Cont’d • 5 Questions: Bullying • 5 Questions: Depression & Suicide • 5 Questions: Eating Disorders • 6 Questions: Promiscuity • 4 Questions: Rape • Essay: Erikson’s 5 stage – Role Confusion Issues.