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Volume Graphics in Medical Applications: Advancements and Challenges

Explore key questions and observations on the impact of Volume Graphics (VG) in medical applications, including tools for diagnosis, treatment planning, and interdisciplinary communication. Discuss the feasibility of real-time volume rendering, automation needs, and future trends in multi-resolution rendering and memory management. Delve into the impact of VG in radiology and the shift towards client/server models in medical imaging.

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Volume Graphics in Medical Applications: Advancements and Challenges

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  1. Volume Graphics: What's in the cards...Michael Meissner (Viatronix) VG 2005

  2. Volume Graphics: What's in the cards...Michael Meissner (Viatronix) VG 2005

  3. 9 (10?) key questions from 1999 • What’s in the cards? • In which cards??? • Well, it really depends on the perspective • In the following: medical applications VG 2005

  4. Medical Applications Where do physicians use VG? • Diagnostic tool (Unable to automatically tell what’s wrong, 3D is ordered in < 5% of all cases because it is time consuming and difficult) • Treatment planning tool (what to do?). • Verification tool (automatic detection) • Interdisciplinary communication tool VG 2005

  5. Medical Applications Observations: • Scientists: explorative visualization (understand problem and find solution) • End-users: 1, 2, or 3 clicks to get to the goal (simplicity!!!)(make solution available, robust, reproducible) • Strong NEED for automation, consisting of: • Segmentation • Detection • Guidance • Visualization (1D, 2D, 3D, 4D?)  only fraction of the problem • Etc. • Where is this (VG) research and what of it is engineering? VG 2005

  6. 9 (10?) key questions from 1999 On the initial questions: • Volumes vs. surfaces? Rectilinear, curved, irregular, etc. • Definition of reflection, refraction, etc.? (amorphous) • Concepts to unify modelling & rendering  API • Voxel-based radiosity? Feasible? Advantages? • Force & touch with volume data? (Deformation?) • Volume based digitisation? • Frequency domain representations fast enough? • Availability of real-time volume rendering? • Impact of VG onto other fields? VG 2005

  7. Feasability 9 (10?) key questions from 1999 Availability of real-time volume rendering? • CPU, GPU, and dedicated hardware able to deal with 2563 voxels (up to 5123?) • This will continue to improve but: • CPUs already slow down • GPUs will slow down, too • Parallel rendering: unavoidable!!! • Multiple CPU cores  Intel, AMD, IBM (Cell) • Will it be SIMD or MIMD? • In the future, where is difference of CPU/GPU? VG 2005

  8. 9 (10?) key questions from 1999 Availability of real-time volume rendering? • APIs limited: • High-level: Volumizer, TGS Inventor • Low-level: OpenGL, DirectX • Related libraries limited: • Vtk, Itk, ? VG 2005

  9. 9 (10?) key questions from 1999 What would it take to make it verifiable? • Reference: • Datasets  but also what to look for!!! (app domain) • Transfer functions • View ports • Renderings • Etc. • Framework to build on top/plug into needed!!!(but where should it come from? Who should be gate keeper?) • Research community might not capable of this? VG 2005

  10. 9 (10?) key questions from 1999 Impact of VG onto other fields? • Who is impacting who? Apps <> VG • Is VG is (becoming) application specific • VG has become integral part in medicine but only for a fraction of cases because there are simple alternative solutions. • A (classical) volume rendered image is not necessarily most meaningful. Simplicity!!! VG 2005

  11. Impact of VG: radiology Asking radiologists about the most important innovations of the last decade: • MIP • Thin slab • … • … • 3D Primary reason: too many slices to review VG 2005

  12. Future What is in the cards: • Larger data: 16 bit 10243 datasets (64 bit OS) • Multi-resolution volume rendering • Memory management • Parallelism • Multi-modality scans: • Fusion • Registration • Non Photo-realistic rendering!!! • Segmentation • User interfaces VG 2005

  13. If we accomplish to work with theapplication domain then we might get: VG 2005

  14. 9 (10?) key questions from 1999 What is going on in medical applications? Previously: dedicated high-end workstations Hot (current) trend is client/server: • Expensive high-end VG  server based • (Thin) client machines already available (& cheap) • Network is an issue, WWW is a problem • Deployment solely dependent on networks VG 2005

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