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Integrated Metabolism

Integrated Metabolism. Biochemistry of the organs Liver Muscle Kidney Heart Brain Adipose Communication between organs Cori cycle Glucose-Alanine cycle Metabolic stress Starvation and ketosis Diabetes and ketosis. Liver (The major anabolic organ). Biosynthesis of blood constituents.

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Integrated Metabolism

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  1. Integrated Metabolism • Biochemistry of the organs • Liver Muscle Kidney • Heart Brain Adipose • Communication between organs • Cori cycle Glucose-Alanine cycle • Metabolic stress • Starvation and ketosis • Diabetes and ketosis

  2. Liver (The major anabolic organ) Biosynthesis of blood constituents Plasma proteins Gluconeogenesis Glycogen Fatty acids, triacylglycerols Cholesterol Ketone bodies VLDL, HDL Urea synthesis Bile salts Communication with other organs Target of hormones Rich in mitochondria

  3. Fed Liver

  4. Fasting Liver

  5. Brain Major glucose consumer Limited energy stores Oxygen dependent Major ATP producer Consumes glucose and ketone bodies Hormone insensitive Shielded by BBB

  6. Heart Completely aerobic Consumes mostly fat, low glucose use Mitochondria rich Low energy reserves Consumes ketone bodies Insulin insensitive

  7. Muscle Uses all fuel sources Exertion uses glucose; no exertion fatty acids Relies on glycogen during exertion Requires insulin to absorb blood glucose Major producer of blood lactate-anaerobic Stores ATP energy as creatine-PO4 (phosphocreatine)

  8. Adipose Cells Major depositors of energy Hormone-sensitive lipase Insulin-dependent glucose transport Triacylglycerol synthesis glucose-dependent Lacks glycerol kinase

  9. 70% of ATP used for resorption Glucose-6-phosphatase Weak gluconeogenic activity Kidney

  10. Pancreas Secretes digestive enzymes in inactive form Alpha cells make glucagon Beta cells make insulin Delta cells make somatostatin Responsive to blood glucose

  11. Regulation of Insulin Secretion PANCREAS 3 types of cells Alpha: glucagon Beta: Insulin Delta: somatostatin p. 903

  12. CHO COO HO-C-H HO-C-H CH2OPO3= CH2OPO3= NAD+ NADH + H+ COO COO C=O HO-C-H CH3 CH3 Communication in Pathways Glyceraldehyde- 3-phosphate 3-phospho- glycerate Pyruvate L-lactate

  13. Communication within Pathways G l u c o s e 6 - P C H O C H O C C h e x o s e C C k i n a s e C C P E P C C - C O O C H O P O C H O H ~ C O P O 2 3 2 3 | | C H G l u c o s e 2 A D P A D P A T P p y r u v a t e k i n a s e A T P ATP-ADP CYCLE - C O O C = O P y r u v a t e C H 3 ATP

  14. Liver L-lactate D-glucose Blood Lactate Blood Glucose THE CORI CYCLE L-lactate D-glucose Muscle

  15. NH4 Urea NH4 Pyruvate Liver Gluconeogenesis L-Alanine D-glucose Blood Alanine Blood Glucose THE Glucose-Alanine Cycle L-Alanine D-glucose Muscle Glycolysis Pyruvate

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