Academic Writing 第 7 回講義

工学部・工学系研究科全学科共通講義(FEN-CO3001L1) (3799-029) 科学技術英語　改め Academic Writing第7回講義 2017.05.31 森村　久美子、Yolanda Alberto 東京大学大学院工学系研究科国際工学教育推進機構　バイリンガル・キャンパス推進センター morimura@t-adm.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Academic Presentation 3 elements to make your presentation successful Delivery Logical Structure Visuals Academic Writing 7

Preparing Academic Writing 7

プレゼンの準備 Be prepared, be friendly, be professional Academic Writing 7

Structure and content Academic Writing 7

GeneralPublic（一般の人々） Let’s think about your audience 発表は誰に向けておこなうのか Science club （科学クラブ） Department 研究室. Academic Conference Academic Writing 7

Your audience To whom are you going to make it? • Background, Affiliation, Age, Education • Knowledge: How much they know about the topic • Attitude: Are they interested in the topic? Do they have their opinion? • Expectations：Participating actively or passively • Number of participants：With a microphone? How big the gesture or voice should be. Academic Writing 7

Venue analysis • 行き方は？　プランBは？ • 早めに行く • 会場を点検する • 自分の見え方は • 音響はマイクは • PCはプロジェクターは • 会場にいる人は →会場を支配する Academic Writing 7

会場分析 Academic Writing 7

Rules for oral presentation • Show only what is essential. • Communicate with audience through at least two channels (visual-auditory). • Speak slowly and clearly: Do not try to present too many things. • Define clearly your key words. • Do not talk about details of mathematical derivation, sample preparation, field monitoring equipment, etc. • Finish your talk punctually. Academic Writing 7

重要なことだけを示す • ビジュアルと声、少なくとも二つの方向から聴衆と意思疎通を図る • ゆっくり分かりやすく話す。たくさん詰め込みすぎない • キーワードは分かりやすく定義する • 細かいことを話しすぎない（微分、サンプルの準備、野外調査の設備など） • 時間通りに終わる Academic Writing 7

Slide Design: Visuals

Key slides for your presentation • Add a cover introducing your topic, yourself and your affiliation • Add an outline of the content, so the audience can easily identify the topics you will cover • In the last slide, include your contact information and open for questions and comments • You can use a progress bar if you consider it necessary Academic Writing 7

トピック、自分の紹介、所属を書いた表紙をつけるトピック、自分の紹介、所属を書いた表紙をつける • 内容の概要を付けて聴衆が内容がどんなものか分かるようにする • 最後のスライドにはコンタクトインフォーメーションを加える。そして質疑応答に入る。 • プログレスバーは必要に応じて使っても良い Academic Writing 7

Slide design TEST TEST • 4-5 keywords to explain each point(no full sentences on slides) • One topic/idea per slide • Sufficient contrast • Large enough fonts • 1-2min per slide TEST TEST Test=54 Test=48Test=44 Test=40 Test=36 Test=32, Test=28 Test=24 Test=20 Test=18 Test=16Test=14 Readable Academic Writing 7

Images Injuries due to falling coconuts Injuries due to falling coconuts Based on a paper by Dr. Peter Barss, published in The Journal of Trauma, 1984 Nov;24(11):990-1. Presented by AdiAndreeva The University of Tokyo Based on a paper by Dr. Peter Barss, published in The Journal of Trauma, 1984 Nov;24(11):990-1. Presented by AdiAndreeva The University of Tokyo Academic Writing 7

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TOURISM RESEARCH Int. J. TourismRes. 6, 251–261 (2004) Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/jtr.486 ,Cruise Ship Passenger Spending Patterns in Pacific Island Ports Ngaire Douglas1,* and Norman Douglas2 Academic Writing 7

53 million people cruising in the past decade Academic Writing 7

Graphs • Simplify your data whenever possible • Give examples to explain complicated graphs • Put a self-explanatory title • Indicate units clearly • Explain clearly EVERYTHING you show • Be careful with black-and-white handouts • Every curve must be defined clearly; understood in a short time during presentation. • Every comment is written horizontally, no need to rotate your head and read vertically. Academic Writing 7

データはできる限り簡略に • 複雑なグラフは例を示す • それだけで分かるようなタイトルをつける • 単位ははっきりと示す • 見せたものはすべて説明する • 白黒のハンドアウトに注意 • 短いプレゼン時間中にすぐ分かるよう曲線は明確に定義する。 • コメントは水平に書く。頭を回す必要がないように。 Academic Writing 7

Graphs Academic Writing 7

Use of Visuals People remember: • 10 % of what they read; • 20 % of what they hear; • 30 % of what they see; • 50 % of what they see and hear; • 70 % of what they say; and • 90 % of what they do and say Metcalf, T. (1997) Listening to your clients, Life Association News, 92(7) p16 - 18 Academic Writing 7

Delivery Academic Writing 7

Delivery • Greet at the front of the room • Stand by the screen (not in front) Screen PC audience Academic Writing 7

Attitude 最後に動かすのは人間的要素 • 誠実さ (integrity) • 熱意 (enthusiasm) • 専門的技術 (professionalism) • 明確さ (clarity) • 積極性 (positivity) • 自信 (confidence) Academic Writing 7

Your presentation has started before you even say a word When you approach the podium: • Be confident(自信をもって） • Maintain a good posture(良い姿勢で） • Make eye contact with the audience(アイコンタクト） • Pause appropriately before beginning to speak • Do not rush, give the audience some time to adjust and focus their attention(急がず落ち着いて） Academic Writing 7

Eye contact is essential Screen • To establish relationship with the audience • To appear more honest and professional • To get feedback: are they following you? • To stop you from reading your notes point look PC Listen Talk listener presenter look Academic Writing 7

Eye contact • For a small audience- include as many people as possible • For a large audience, make contact with various parts of the room • Don’t go systematically around the room- be random • Look at different people across the room for at least 3 sec • Move to another person at the end of a phrase/sentence • Imagine many one-on-one conversations • Don't READ to the audience, TALK to them • Focus on people who seem to need it (bored, sleepy, not smiling, etc.) Academic Writing 7

Hands and other untamable movements • Keep hands in view(手は見えるように） • Let your gestures flow naturally • Don’t do distracting hand motions and don’t move rapidly from one site to another in the room(手の動き、体の動きに注意） • Don’t adjust your tie or clothing • Don’t sway • Don’t slouch • Don't stare at the PC/screen/notes • Don't look at the screen, use the correct hand to point Academic Writing 7

Posture • まっすぐに立つ (足を組んだり片足を前に出したりしない) • かたむかない (stand up straight) • 少しは歩いてもよい(don't freeze in one position) • 教壇に寄りかからない • 揺れない • 聴衆のほうを向く Academic Writing 7

Voice • Make sure you speak CLEARLY. • Never use a monotone- go from slow to fast, loud to soft, humorous to serious. • Your tone of voice shows whether you are passionate about your research. • Pause before you emphasize a point. • Speed up to show excitement. • Always have the big picture in your mind. • Try to have a WOW point. • Sound CONFIDENT. Academic Writing 7

はっきりと分かりやすく話す • モノトーンの声で話さない。速くー遅く、大きくー小さく、ユーモアーまじめ • 声の調子で情熱的に取り組んでいるか分かる • 強調したいところの前で止まる • 興奮を示すにはスピードアップ • いつも頭の中にビッグピクチャー(全体像）を • WOWポイントがあるように • 自信を持って話す Academic Writing 7

Appropriate speed • 日本語で毎分200-300字が目安 • アナウンサーは毎分350字 • 英語なら100 words以下(70 words説も） • 日本人が英語で話すなら10％減の90 words • つまり10分で900 wordsしか話せない • ゆっくり明瞭に話した方がよい • それに操作時間、拍手、アクシデントが入る Academic Writing 7

Structure & Content

Presentation structure • Catch and keep the attention • Mention a great achievement/possibility first • Show the “big picture” • Discuss the details of your arguments • Repeat the main point • Make your statement and show your argument • Also in Q&A: answer concisely, then expand your answer • Introduction:Body:Conclusion=20%:60%:20% Academic Writing 7

注意を引き、そのまま持続する 　－大きな成果を先に　－全体像を見せる　－論点は詳細に　－メインポイントは繰り返す • ステートメントを述べ、根拠を示す • Q&Aのときは簡潔に答え、それから詳細に • Introduction:Body:Conclusion=20%:60%:20% Academic Writing 7

Make a story board Academic Writing 7

Organize your content Academic Writing 7

Common mistakes in the structure • Starting from details • Following time order • Follow the order of the paper • Using 起承転結 ("twist","turn", or "volta") (Introducing a revolutionary new idea/concept near the end) conclusion beginning 起承転結 Academic Writing 7

Key message • Key words and phrases have to be repeated. Be consistent with vocabulary but rephrase the idea many times Introduction Body Conclusion Tell them key message Key message Tell them key message Tell them three times approach Academic Writing 7

Q&A session • Actively ask for questions/comments right after your presentation; ask for more questions after the first round of questions • Prepare for the questions your audience may have • Brainstorm 10-20 Q&As • Make extra slides to explain details/algorithms etc. • Take notes of each question (for answering, for ideas in your future research, and to show them to your professor later) • Repeat (rephrase) the question • So the whole audience can hear it • So that the asker knows that you (mis)understood • Answer to the whole audience (not just to the questioner) Academic Writing 7

プレゼンが終わったら質問とコメントがないか尋ねる。プレゼンが終わったら質問とコメントがないか尋ねる。 • 一回終わったらさらにないかとたずねる。 • １０－２０の想定質問を考え、そのためのスライドを用意する • 質問はノートを取る(答えるときのため、後に研究に生かすため、教授に見せるため） • 質問は繰り返す（聴衆に聞こえるように、また自分がちゃんと理解しているのを示すため） • 質問者だけでなく聴衆全員に答える Academic Writing 7

Transition words • Notify your audience that you will move on to the next topic • Do not rely on people’s memory. They have forgotten what you mentioned 10 slides ago. • Summarize what you have said before and highlight the main point • Give audience time to digest what they’ve heard • Have smooth transitions and practice enough Academic Writing 7

聴衆に次に進むことを知らせる • 人々の記憶に頼らない。10枚前のスライドのことは覚えていないかも。 • 先に述べたことをまとめ、メインポイントをハイライトする • 聴衆にそれまでに聞いたことを理解する時間を与える • トランジションがスムースだと良く練習された感じがする Academic Writing 7

Make a small presentation • Make pairs to make a small presentation • Talk about a bad day you had and what you learnt from it • Use as many expressions as you can, from slides 46 to 57 • When you use them, mark them to know how many you could use Academic Writing 7

Useful expressions • Introduce yourself • My name is X from The University of Y. Today I’d like to present my topic W • Thanking the chairman for introducing you • Thank you Mr. Chairman • Thank you for your kind introduction Mr. Chairman (or: Professor/Doctor/Mister/Miss X) • Greeting the audience • Good morning/afternoon (ladies and) gentlemen • Good morning everybody. Thank you for coming to my talk today Academic Writing 7

Presenting your topic • Acknowledge important contributors • I did the research I present today in collaboration with my colleagues from <other company/university> who are also present in the audience here today/who could not join us here today. • I give this presentation on behalf of X, who, unfortunately, could not make it here today. (If you did not participate in the research) • Do not read the title of your presentation, instead: • In this presentation I will show you that/why/how/… • Before I start my talk, let me ask you: <question> Academic Writing 7

Presenting your outline • I will divide my talk into three parts / My talk today consists of three parts: First,… Second,… Finally,…. • Let me begin my talk by giving you an explanation on … • To start with, I will provide background information on … • Next, I will demonstrate … • Then I will give you/provide the details of … • Once we have discussed … , I will show you … • After that, I will take a look at … • Then I will move on to … • Finally, I will wrap up/summarize this presentation and answer any questions you might have Academic Writing 7

Presenting your introduction • A common problem with … is that … • It has often be in the news that … • Recent studies have shown that … …but it is still unclear how/why/… • As you are all aware, … / As you all know, … • … This is important because … • So, why is this important? Well, (let me tell you) … • To solve this problem, we use/propose/investigate/… • Currently (the process is as follows) … With the method we propose … • We therefore decided to focus on the second issue for now. • The two main points of my presentation will therefore be … Academic Writing 7

Body • Referring • As I mentioned before, … • As I explained earlier, … • This relates to (the point about) … which I noted in the previous slide. • This connects to my previous argument/statement that <your statement> • I will touch upon that point in a moment • I will explain that in more detail shortly • I will expand on that in the next slide • I will come back to that later Academic Writing 7

Academic Writing 第 7 回講義