Biochemistry Notes

1. Biochemistry Notes

2. Carbon • Organic molecules contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen . • Carbon has 4 electrons available for bonding.

3. Carbohydrates • The function is store and release energy • Monosaccharid - one sugar examples: glucose C6H12O6, Fructose • Disaccharide - 2 monosaccharides • example - sucrose - made of glucose and fructose

4. Polysaccarides • Contain many sugars • Examples - • starch - stored energy in plants • glycogen - stored energy in animals • cellulose - makes cell wall of plants

5. Polysaccharide

6. Cellulose in a Plant

7. Lipids • Monomers are fatty acids • Ex.– fats, oils, & phospholipids in cell membranes • Non-polar - insoluble in water • Structure • 3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol

8. Long-term energy storage, insulation, cell structure (lipid bi-layer/cell membrane) Lipid function

9. Saturated Fatty Acid • Solid at room temperature • Bad for heart • Meat, butter • Contain lots of hydrogen atoms and carbons are linked with single bonds in fatty acid chain

10. Unsaturated Fatty Acid • Liquid at room temperature • Good for your heart • Olive oil, nuts, fish. • Contain few hydrogen atoms because carbon atoms havedouble bonds in fatty acid chain.

11. Proteins Proteins provide structure (skin, hair, cartilage, muscle) and are carry out all cell metabolism (enzymes) The shape determines function Monomer—amino acids Linked together by peptide bonds (type of covalent bond)

12. Protein Structure • Primary – amino acid sequence • Secondary - hydrogen bonding between a.a.’s • causes twisting; 2-D shape • Tertiary - additional folding • functional protein; 3-D shape • Quaternary - 2 or more amino acid (polypeptide) chains • complex

13. Primary Structure Secondary Teritary Quaternary

14. Nucleic Acids • Macromolecule that stores and transfers genetic material • Made up of nucleotides • made up of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base • DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid • RNA: ribonucleic acid

15. Nucleotides