Parts of Speech

1. Parts of Speech 7th Grade

2. Noun • Word that names a person, place, thing, or idea • Diane read a book about inventors in Japan. • Which words in that sentence are nouns?

3. Common vs. Proper • Common noun: refers to any person, place, thing, or idea • DO NOT CAPITALIZE • Examples…? • Proper noun: refers to a very specific person, place, thing, or idea • ALWAYS BEGINS WITH A CAPITAL LETTER • Examples…?

4. Grammar bookpg. 70 Try it Out-do not name abstract & concrete Pg. 71 Try It Out

5. Concrete vs. Abstract • Concrete: noun that names something that can be seen, smelled, heard, tasted, or touched • Uncle Jim, village, vegetables • Abstract: names an idea, a quality, or a feeling • Beauty, belief, disappointment

6. Collective & compound • Collective: refers to a group of people, animals, or things • Ex. Audience, class, committee, band, cluster, family, bunch, flock, batch, group, team, litter • Compound: two or more words used as a single noun • Can be written as one word, separate words, or as hyphenated words • Ex. Newspaper, grandfather, Newfoundland, New Year’s Day, Hong Kong, truck driver, son-in-law, make-up, Marie-Dolores

7. Singular & plural nouns • Singular: names one person, place, thing, or idea • Plural: names two or more persons, places, things, or ideas

8. rules • 1.for most singular nouns, add –s • Ex. Teachers, streets, pencils, houses • 2. for nouns ending with s, x, z, sh, or ch add –es • Ex. Joneses, waxes, waltzes, dishes • 3. for nouns ending with a consonant and y, change the y to I and add –esBUT for nouns ending with a vowel and y, add –s • Ex. Sky – skies, army – armies, penny – pennies, alley - alleys

9. More rules • 4. for some nouns ending with f or fe, add –s and for others change the f to v and add –s or –es • Ex. Belief – beliefs, roof – roofs, loaf – loaves, life – lives • 5. for nouns that end with o, add –s or –es • Ex. Cellos, pianos, zoos, potatoes • 6. some nouns have irregular plural forms • Ex. Children, feet, teeth, women • 7. a few nouns have the same forms • Ex. Sheep, Chinese, grapefruit, moose

10. More rules…almost done! • 8. a few nouns have only plural forms • Ex. Scissors, jeans, savings, dues • 9. a few nouns that end with s look plural but are considered singular • Ex. News, measles, economics, United States • 10. For a compound noun written as one word, make the last part plural BUT if it is written with hyphens or separate words, make the key word plural • Ex. Billboard, sisters-in-law, track meets

11. possessive • Possessive: expresses ownership or shows a relationship • It is often followed by another noun • Possessive form often replaces the word OF or the verb HAVE • Ex. Wool of a sheep = sheep’s wool

12. rules • 1. for a singular noun, add an apostrophe and –s • Ex. Puppy’s ears, Morris’s coat, Mark Twain’s stories • 2. for a plural noun that ends with s, add an apostrophe only • Ex. Doctors’ offices, soldiers’ uniforms, Evanses’ trip • 3. for a plural noun that does not end with s, add an apostrophe and –s • Ex. Mice’s hole, children’s toys, women’s dresses

13. More rules • 4. for a compound noun, add an apostrophe or an apostrophe and –s • Ex. Salesperson’s samples, police officers’ uniforms, father-in-law’s car

14. Pg. 279Pronoun activity

15. Pronouns & antecedents • Pronouns: take the place of nouns and help make sentences smoother and more direct • Ex. I, her, they, his, them, it • Ned found his tools and put them in his toolbox. • What words are pronouns and what are the pronouns referring to?

16. Pronouns & antecedents • Antecedent: the noun that a pronoun replaces • Usually appears in a sentence before a pronoun and names the person, place, thing, or idea • Ned put the finishing touches on the table he was making. • A pronoun and its antecedent may appear in different sentences • Ex. Ned carefully inspected the wood for this table. He had selected the finest oak.

17. Pronouns & antecedents • A pronoun can have more than one antecedent • Ex. Ned and his brother work together, they make furniture. • A noun can serve as the antecedent for more than one pronoun • Ex. Ned was fifteen years old when he sold his first pieces. • Sometimes an antecedent follows the pronoun instead of coming before it • Ex. When it is finished, this table will bring a good price.

18. Personal pronouns • Personal pronouns: pronouns you use most frequently. • Can be singular or plural & show gender (masculine, feminine, or neuter)

19. subject & object pronouns

20. Subject & object pronouns • Use a subject pronoun as the subject of a sentence • Ex. They wrote 8 books together • Use a subject pronoun after a LINKING verb • Ex. The explorers were they. • Use object pronouns as direct and indirect objects • Ex. Workman climbed mountains and mapped them. Workman’s climb of Pinnacle Peak brought her fame.

21. Compound pronouns • ***you must be careful about which form of a pronoun you use in a compound subject or a compound object • The choice may be clearer if you separate the parts of the compound • Ned went to rehearsal. I went to rehearsal. • Ned and I went to rehearsal. • Li taught Jim a step. Li taught her a step. • Li taught Jim and her a step.

22. Possessive pronouns • Possessive pronouns: pronouns that replace possessive nouns • Ex. In India, women’s dresses are called saris. Their saris are actually long pieces of cloth. • POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS NEVER HAVE APOSTROPHES!

23. Interrogative pronouns • Interrogative pronoun: type of pronoun used to begin a questions • Ex. What, who, which, whom, whose • Who is used as a predicate pronoun and Whom is used as direct object • Remember not to confuse Whose and Who’s • Who’s is “who is” • Whose is this copy? • Who’s reading that copy? (Who is)

24. Demonstrative pronouns • Demonstrative pronouns: pronouns used to point out particular persons and things • There are 4: this, that, these, and those • This and these point out persons and things that are nearby • That and those point out persons and things that are farther away • This and that are singular and these and those are plural

25. Indefinite pronouns • Indefinite pronouns: pronouns that do not refer to specific antecedents • Look carefully to make sure they are pronouns and not an adjective describing a noun • The pronoun must agree with the verb • Singular & singular and plural & plural

26. Reflexive pronouns DO NOT USE HISSELF, OURSELF, OR THEIRSELVES!! • Reflexive pronouns: end in –self or –selves and refer to the subject in the sentence • It CANNOT be left out without changing the meaning of the sentence • The coach congratulated himself. • The coach congratulated. • The meaning is changed because the reflexive pronoun is left out • Must agree in person, number, and gender

27. Intensive pronouns DO NOT USE HISSELF, OURSELF, OR THEIRSELVES!! • Intensive pronouns: end in –self or –selves and used with a noun or pronoun to emphasize or intensify • It CAN be left out without changing the meaning • He himself had trained these fine athletes. • He had trained these fine athletes. • The meaning is not changed when the intensive pronoun is left out • Must agree in person, number, and gender

28. VERBS!!!!!!!!!!!!! • Verb: tells what the subject is, has, does, or feels • Ex. Works, trims, loves, paints • Action verbs: refer to physical or mental actions • Feeds, likes • Being verbs: do not refer to action, simply tell what the subject is • Is, seems, are

29. Identify the verb & Put an A for action or a b for being • 1. We parked and locked our bicycles in the rack at the library. • 2. Many, many resources were available there. • 3. All of the books looked interesting. • 4. I considered several books about wild animals.

30. Linking verbs • Linking verb: links or connects the subject with a noun or an adjective in the predicate that names or describes the subject • Susie is tiny. Susie is a cat. • Some verbs can be linking or action verbs • The gardener felt tired. • She felt the tree’s thick leaves. • Substitute “is” or “are” to help you decide if it is action or being

31. Verb phrases • Verb phrases: group of words that acts as a single verb • Consists of helping verbs followed by a main verb • Tiny water droplets have been gathering. • They will form a cloud.

32. Verb phrases • Some words can be both main verbs or helping verbs • It IS snowing outside • The street IS wet • I HAVE bought new boots • They HAVE woolly linings • Sometimes words can interrupt the verb phrase – watch out for those!!!

33. Verb tenses • Tense: identifies when something occurs • Present: now • Past: already happened • Future: will happen

34. Present rules • To make most verbs singular, add –s • Run – runs • To make a verb that ends in s, x, z, ch, or sh singular, add –es • Watch – watches • To change a verb that ends in consonant and y singular, change y to I then add –es • Cry – cries • When subject is plural do not change the form

35. Past rules • For most verbs, add –ed • Talk – talked • When a short verb ends in a consonant, double the consonant and add –ed • Bat – batted • When a verb ends in e, drop the e and add –ed • Hope – hoped • When a verb ends in a consonant and y, change the y to I and add –ed • Try - tried

36. Future rules • Use the basic form of the verb with the helping verb will or shall • Hop – will hop • Fly – shall fly

37. Be, have, and do • There are no simple rules for the be, have, and do rules • Just memorize this chart!

39. Principal Parts • Every verb has 4 basic forms called principal parts • Verb, present participle, past, past participle • Ex. Paint, (is) painting, painted, (has) painted • Ex. Love, (is) loving, loved, (has) loved • Ex. Hum, is (humming), hummed, (has) hummed

40. Perfect tenses • 3 types: present perfect, past perfect, future perfect • Made up of a form of the helping verb have and the past participle • Present perfect: used to express an action that took place at an indefinite time in the past. The action may still be going on. • Dr. Jiri has conducted the research.

41. Perfect tenses • Past perfect: used for an action in the past that was completed before another action took place. • Dr. Jiri had conducted the research before the year ended. • Future perfect: used for an action that will be completed before another action in the future. • Dr. Jiri will have conducted the research before the year ends.

42. PRACTICE!!!!!!!!! • Write the tense of each underlined verb. • Salk and Sabin had studied the polio virus for many years. • The vaccines prevent polio, but they have not cured anyone who already had it. • Today polio is uncommon, but it has not disappeared. • By the next decade, we will have learned more.

43. More practice!!!! • Write all 4 principal parts of the verb • 1. scare • 2. race • 3. fill • 4. dance

44. Irregular verbs • Regular verbs: past ends in –ed • Irregular verbs: do not follow the same pattern • Be, have, and do are the most common • Some irregular verbs follow certain patterns but most just have to be memorized • ***keep & memorize charts on pg. 117-118 & 120-121

45. Adjectives • Modifier: any word used to describe another word • Adjective: word that modifies a noun or pronoun • Yellow and redprehistoricart covers the cavewalls. • It is very old and detailed.

46. Rules • 1. an adjective tells which, what kind, or how many • Which: the, this, these, either, her, my • What kind: bright, red, gentle, scary, smart, false • How many: two, several, many, few, every, seventh • 2. many, this, and her can be either pronouns or adjectives – other words can be adjectives or other parts of speech • You need to check what it is modifying!

47. rules • 3. more than one adjective can modify the same noun • Explorers found severaldecorated caves. • 4. proper adjectives are capitalized and are from proper nouns • Paintings in French and Spanish caves are beautiful. • 5. a, an, the are articles – they tell which of something so they are a type of adjective

48. adverbs • Adverbs: modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs • Modifying a verb: Stonehenge was built gradually over many centuries. • Modifying an adjective: This English monument is made of verylarge stones. • Modifying an adverb: Scholars have studied Stonehenge quitethoroughly.

49. Kinds of adverbs • When: yesterday, soon, often, immediately, sometimes • Where: here, there, down, up, everywhere, away, far, near • How: well, cleverly, fast, wildly, carefully, badly • To what extent: very, too, really, terribly, extremely, quite, not

50. No, not, never • No, not, and never are adverbs!!!!!!!! • They describe when or to what extent