Respiratory System

1. Respiratory System HST I

2. Includes: Nasal cavity Sinuses Pharynx Larynx Epiglottis Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Pleura Mediastinum

3. Main organs involved in the respiratory system: Nose/mouth Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Alveoli (within lungs) Lungs

4. Nasal Cavity Anterior Nares = nostrils Nasal Septum = cartilage which divides nasal cavities into right and left sides Turbinates are bones that protrude into the nasal cavity � they increase the surface area for filtering dust and dirt particles by the mucous membranes Cilia � the hairs in the nose; trap larger dirt particles

5. Sinuses: Cavities in the skull, ducts connect them to the nasal cavity, lined with mucous membranes to warm and moisten air Frontal Maxillary Ethmoid Sphenoid Sinuses give resonance to the voice.

6. Pharynx The throat Common passageway for air and food 5� long Divided into: Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx

7. Larynx Voice box Triangular chamber below the pharynx Within the larynx are vocal cords (glottis) Adam�s Apple

8. Trachea Windpipe 4 �� long Walls are alternate bands of membrane and C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage � to keep trachea open Lined with ciliated mucous membranes Coughing and expectoration gets rid of dust-laden mucous

9. Bronchi and bronchioles Lower end of trachea divides into R and L bronchus As they enter lungs, subdivide into bronchial tubes and bronchioles Bronchi � similar to trachea with ciliated mucous membrane and hyaline cartilage

10. Bronchial tubes � cartilaginous plates (instead of C-shaped rings) Bronchioles � thinner walls of smooth muscle, lined with ciliated epithelium At the end, alveolar ducts and cluster of alveoli

11. Alveoli Composed of a single layer of epithelial tissue Inner surfaces covered with surfactant � to keep alveoli from collapsing Each alveolus surrounded by capillaries O2 and CO2 exchange takes place between the alveoli and capillaries (diffusion)

12. Lungs Fill thoracic cavity Separated by mediastinum and heart Upper part = apex Lower part = base Base fits snugly over diaphragm Lung tissue porous and spongy � it floats R lung = larger and shorter (displaced by the liver) and has 3 lobes L lung = smaller (displaced by heart) and has 2 lobes

13. Diaphragm Large dome-shaped muscle that contracts rhythmically, continually, and most of the time, involuntarily.

14. Pleura Thin, moist slippery membrane that covers the lungs Double-walled sac Space is pleural cavity � filled with pleural fluid to prevent friction

15. Mediastinum Interpleural space Contains Thymus gland Heart (and aorta) Pulmonary arteries and veins Superior and inferior vena cava Esophagus Trachea Thoracic duct Lymph nodes and vessels

16. Functions of the Respiratory System External, internal, and cellular respiration Production of sound (vocal cords)

17. Oxygen is the MOST critical substance needed by the body for survival. We can only live about 4-6 minutes without oxygen. Arterial blood = 21% O2 Venous blood = 16% (5% loss per cycle)

18. Clinical death � the moment breathing and heartbeat stop Biological death � when brain cells die, irreversible after 6 � 10 minutes

19. Constant removal of carbon dioxide is just as important for survival � maintains homeostasis

20. Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing) Inspiration Intercostal muscles lift ribs outward, sternum rises and the diaphragm contracts and moves downward � this increases the volume of the lungs and air rushes in Expiration Opposite action takes place Exhalation is a passive process

21. Respiratory Movements 1 inspiration + 1 expiration = 1 respiration Normal adult = 14 � 20 respirations / min Age dependent - newborn = 40 � 60 / min Increases with exercise, body temperature, certain diseases Sleep = respirations ? Emotion can ? or ?

22. Lung Capacity and Volume Spirometer � device that measures lung capacity Tidal Volume � amount of air that moves in and out of lungs with each breath. Normal = 500 mL Residual Volume � amount of air left in lungs that cannot be voluntarily expelled

23. Hyperventilation � Rapid breathing causes body to lose CO2 too quickly, blood CO2 decreases which leads to alkalosis Symptoms � dizziness and possible fainting Rx � have person breathe into a paper bag

24. Maintaining Transmission-Based Isolation Precautions A communicable disease is caused by a pathogenic organism that can be easily transmitted to others An epidemic occurs when the communicable disease spreads rapidly from person to person and affects a large number of people at the same time A pandemic exists when the outbreak of disease occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a high proportion of the population

25. Maintaining Transmission-Based Isolation Precautions Transmission-based isolation precautions are methods or techniques of caring for patients who have communicable diseases Examples of communicable diseases include: Tuberculosis Wound infections Pertussis (whooping cough)

26. Transmission-Based Isolation Precautions The type of transmission-based isolation depends on the causative organism of the disease, the way the organism is transmitted and whether the pathogen is antibiotic resistant. Personal protective equipment (PPE) is used to provide protection from the pathogen. Some transmission-based isolation require the use of gowns, gloves, face shields and masks, while others only require the use of a mask.

27. What�s the difference between standard precautions and isolation precautions? Standard precautions are used on all patients, while transmission-based isolation techniques are used to provide extra protection against specific diseases or pathogens to prevent their spread Vs.

28. Airborne Precautions Used for patients known or suspected to be infected with pathogens transmitted by airborne droplet nuclei, where the droplets contain microorganisms and remain suspended in the air. Examples of diseases requiring isolation include rubella (measles), varicella (chicken pox), tuberculosis, and shingles (herpes zoster).

29. Airborne Precautions (cont.) The patient must be placed in a private room, and the door must be kept closed. Air in the room must be discharged to outdoor air or filtered before being circulated to other areas. Each person must wear a mask that contains special filter to prevent the entrance of small airborne pathogens. If at all possible, the patient should not be moved from the room. If transport is essential, the patient should wear a surgical mask during transport to minimize the release of droplets into the air.

30. Droplet Precautions Must be followed for a patient known or suspected to be infected with pathogens transmitted by large droplets expelled during coughing, sneezing, talking or laughing. Examples of diseases requiring these isolation precautions include diphtheria, pertussis, adenovirus, mumps and severe cases of viral influenza, meningitis and pneumonia.

31. Droplet Precautions (cont.) The patient should be placed in a private room. If a private room is not available, the patient can be placed in a room with another patient who has the same infection at least 3 feet away from other patients or visitors. Masks must be worn when working within 3 feet of the patient. If the patients has to be transported, they must wear a surgical mask.

32. Contact Precautions Must be followed for any patients known or suspected to be infected with epidemiologically microorganisms that can be transmitted by either direct or indirect contact. Examples of diseases requiring this type of isolation include any gastrointestinal, respiratory, skin, or wound infections caused by multidurg-resistant organisms; any highly contagious skin infection; and viral or hemorrhagic conjunctivitis or fevers.

33. Contact Precautions (cont.) The patient should be placed in a private room. Gloves must be worn when entering the room. Gloves must be changed after having contact with material that may contain high concentrations of the microorganisms, such as wound drainage or fecal material. Gloves must be removed before leaving the room, and the hands must be wash with an antimicrobial agent. A gown must be worn in the room if there is any chance of contact with the patient, environmental surfaces or items in the room. The gown must be removed before leaving the room and care must be taken to ensure that clothing is not contaminated after gown removal.

34. Contact Precautions (cont.) Movement and transport of the patient from the room should be for essential purposes only. The room and items in it must receive daily cleaning and disinfection as needed. If possible, patient-care equipment (bedside commode, stethoscope, thermometer) should be left in the room and used only for this patient. If not, all equipment must be cleaned and disinfected before being used on another patient.

35. Reverse Isolation Precautions Used to protect patients from organisms present in the environment. Examples of patients requiring this isolation include patients whose immune systems have been depressed prior to receiving transplants, severely burned patients, patients receiving chemotherapy or radiation treatments, or patients whose immune systems have failed.

36. Diseases and Abnormal Conditions Asthma- a respiratory disorder usually caused by a sensitivity to an allergen such as dust, pollen, an animal, medications or a type of food

37. Diseases and Abnormal Conditions Bronchitis- an inflammation of the bronchi and bronchial tubes

38. Diseases and Abnormal Conditions Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)- any chronic lung disease that results in obstruction of the airways

39. Diseases and Abnormal Conditions Emphysema- a noninfectious, chronic respiratory condition that occurs when the walls of the alveoli deteriorate and lose their elasticity.

40. Diseases and Abnormal Conditions Epistaxis- also known as a nosebleed, occurs when capillaries in the nose become congested and bleed

41. Diseases and Abnormal Conditions Influenza (flu)- a highly contagious viral infection of the upper respiratory system

42. Diseases and Abnormal Conditions Laryngitis- an inflammation of the larynx and vocal cords

43. Diseases and Abnormal Conditions Lung Cancer- is the leading cause of cancer death in both men and women. It is a preventable disease because the main cause is exposure to carcinogens in tobacco, either through smoking or through exposure to �second-hand� smoke

44. Diseases and Abnormal Conditions Pleurisy- an inflammation of the pleura, or membranes, of the lungs Usually occurs with pneumonia or other lung infections

45. Diseases and Abnormal Conditions Pneumonia- an inflammation or infection of the lungs characterized by exudate ( a buildup of fluid) in the alveoli.

46. Diseases and Abnormal Conditions Rhinitis- an inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane, resulting in a runny nose, watery eyes, sneezing, soreness and congestion.

47. Diseases and Abnormal Conditions Sinusitis- an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the sinuses

48. Diseases and Abnormal Conditions Sleep Apnea- a condition in which an individual stops breathing while asleep, causing a measurable decrease in blood oxygen levels Two types of Sleep Apnea Obstructive Sleep Apnea Central Sleep Apnea

49. Diseases and Abnormal Conditions Tuberculosis (TB)- an infectious lung disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis

50. Diseases and Abnormal Conditions Upper Respiratory Infection (URI)- or common cold, is an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the upper respiratory tract

51. Related Health Careers Internist Otolaryngologist Perfusionist Pulmonologist Respiratory Therapist Respiratory Therapy Technician Thoracic Surgeon

52. Medical Terminology Root Word(s): Rhin(o)- denotes the nose Rhinodynia- pain in the nose Rhinolith- stone or rock in the nose Rhinorrhagia- excessive discharge of blood in the nose Rhinitis- inflammation of the nose Rhinomycosis- disease condition of fungus in the nose

53. Medical Terminology Root Word(s): Pneumon(o); pneum(ato); pneum(a)- denotes the lung Pneumonitis- inflammation in the lung Pneumonography- to record the lung Pneumoconiosis- disease condition of dust in the lung Pneumothorax- chest cavity in the lung Pneumocentesis- surgical puncture in the lung

54. Medical Terminology Root Word(s): Trache(o)- denotes the trachea Tracheotomy- surgical removal of the trachea Tracheoplasty- surgical repair of the trachea Tracheopathy- disease condition in the trachea Tracheorrhaphy- to suture the trachea Tracheitis- inflammation in the trachea

55. Medical Terminology Root Word(s): Laryng(o)- denotes larynx Laryngitis- inflammation of the larynx Laryngeal- pertaining to the larynx Laryngostenosis- abnormal hardening of the larynx Laryngoscope- visual examination of the larynx Laryngocentesis- surgical puncture of the larynx

56. Medical Terminology Root Word(s): Thorac(o)- denotes the thorax Thoracodynia- pain in the thorax Thoracentesis- surgical puncture of the thorax Thoracoscopy- visual examination of the thorax Thoracoplasty- surgical repair of the thorax Thoracotomy- surgical removal of the thorax

57. Medical Terminology Root Word(s): pnea- denotes breathing Eupnea- normal breathing Dyspnea- difficult breathing Orthopnea- straight breathing Hyperpnea- excessive/above breathing Tachypnea- fast breathing Apnea- without breathing

58. Medical Terminology Root Word(s): Bronch(o)- denotes bronchi Bronchiectasis- dilation of the bronchi Bronchitis- inflammation in the bronchi Bronchoscopy- visual examination of the bronchi Bronchoplegia- paralysis of the bronchi Bronchopneumonitis- inflammation of the lung and bronchi

59. Medical Terminology Root Word(s): Pleur(o)- denotes the membrane lining the chest cavity and covering the lungs Pleuralgia- pain in the membrane lining the chest cavity and covering the lungs Pleuroclysis- washing out in the membrane lining the chest cavity and covering the lungs Pleuritis- inflammation in the membrane lining the chest cavity and covering the lungs Pleurotomy- surgical incision in the membrane lining the chest cavity and covering the lungs Pleurocentesis- surgical puncture of the membrane lining the chest cavity and covering the lungs

60. Medical Terminology Root Word(s): Pharyng(o)- denotes the pharynx Pharyngonasal- pertaining to the nose of the pharynx Pharyngitis- inflammation of the pharynx Pharyngoscope- visual examination of the pharynx Pharyngostenosis- abnormal hardening of the pharynx Pharyngoxerosis- dry condition of the pharynx

61. Abbreviations (G-H) GA gal GB GC GI Gm gr GTT Gyn Gastric Analysis Gallon Gallbladder Gonorrhea Gastrointestinal Gram Grain Glucose Tolerance Test Gynecology

62. Abbreviations (G-H) H H2O H2O2 HBV HCI hct HDL Hg Hgb HHA Hydrogen Water Peroxide Hepatitis B Virus Hydrochloric Acid Hemacrit High Density Mercury Hemoglobin Home Health Assistant

63. Abbreviations (G-H) HMO HOB HOH Hr, hr, hrs Ht Hx hypo hyper hyst Health Maintenance Organization Head of Bed Hard of Hearing Hour, hours Height History Hypodermic, or under Above, high hysterectomy