Scottie-Beth Fleming & Dr. Amy R. Pritchett June 15, 2015

1. Managing Design KnowledgeManaging & Exchanging Knowledge Underlying Aerospace Engineering Design Decisions Scottie-Beth Fleming & Dr. Amy R. Pritchett June 15, 2015 ASEE’s 122nd Annual Conference & Exposition NSF, grant number DGE-0644493

2. Aerospace Engineering Design Engineering design is a structured approach to developing, validating, and implementing complex systems • Multiple points of interaction • Overlapping, interdependent, and often conflicting design parameters Images from http://wonderfulengineering.com/ http://www.geaviation.com/ http://www.airbus.com/ http://www.boeing.com/ Pahl et al, 2007; Cross, 2006; DAU, 2001

3. Aerospace Engineering Design Industry has expressed a need for engineering graduates to use effective approaches to system design, integration, and synthesis Images from http://wonderfulengineering.com/ http://www.geaviation.com/ http://www.airbus.com/ http://www.boeing.com/ Dutson et al., 1997

4. Aerospace Engineering Design Education Capstone design can cultivate students’ skills to • Use understanding of the engineering design process to examine the full context of the design problem [ABET student outcome (c)] • Collaborate on multidisciplinary teams [ABET student outcome (d)] • Communicate effectively [ABET student outcome (g)] Senior Design Capstone Course Images from http://wonderfulengineering.com/ http://www.geaviation.com/ http://www.airbus.com/ http://www.boeing.com/ ABET, 2014; Woods et al, 2000; Paretti, 2008

5. Aerospace Engineering Design Education However, novice aerospace engineers are often unable to • integrate multidisciplinary design considerations • translate preferences, constraints, and decisions to others also engaging in the design process Examine the role of managing and exchanging knowledge underlying aerospace engineering design decisions. Senior Design Capstone Course Images from http://wonderfulengineering.com/ http://www.geaviation.com/ http://www.airbus.com/ http://www.boeing.com/ Ahmed et al, 2004; Daly et al., 2001; Fleming & Coso, 2014; Gertler, 2014; Griffin, 2005; NTSB, 2013; Oakley et al, 2004; Richey, 2005

6. Scholarship of Integration • “giving meaning to isolated facts, putting them in perspective…making connections across the disciplines, placing the specialties in larger context, illuminating data in a revealing way, often educating nonspecialists too.” (Boyer, 1990) Identify critical behaviors Frame the design context Aerospace Engineering Design Process Literature from Org Behavior, I/O Psych, Education, Design Strategies for managing and exchanging design knowledge Boyer, 1990

7. AE Design Context: MultiTeamSystem Operations & Manufacturing Testing and Evaluation Chief Engineer System Integration Technical Components Certification Concept

8. Shared Knowledge • “Common ground" among collaborators • Used to survey and respond to environment • Engineering design teams are not always aware of interdisciplinary considerations Image from http://automotive-seo.net/getting-your-content-shared// Clark & Schaefer, 1981; Cramton, 2001; Keysar, Barr, Balin, & Paek, 1998 Image from http://automotive-seo.net/getting-your-content-shared/

9. Boeing 787 Case “In retrospect, we may apply tighter test criteria or seek to understand test criteria a little more” ~Mike Sennett Operations & Manufacturing Testing and Evaluation Chief Engineer System Integration Engineering designers must recognize the considerations and constraints of disciplines outside their own expertise Technical Components Certification Electrical Systems Concept LiIon Batteries Special Conditions NTSB, 2013

10. Goal Alignment • Design teams share at least one high-level goal • More detailed goals and design requirements should remain consistent with the high-level goals. • However, detailed design preferences and specific discipline-based goals do not necessarily align Griffin, 2005; Marks et al 2001; Mathieu et al, 2001; Mesmer-Magnus & DeChurch, 2009; Richey, 2005 Image from http://atomictoasters.com/2013/07/design-priority/

11. C-5 and F-111 Cases F-111 Aardvark C-5 Galaxy Design teams should specify and prioritize goals early in the design process, and continuously monitor progress toward mission accomplishment Griffin, 2005; Richey, 2005 Images from http://www.af.mil/ http://aviationheritagepark.com/

12. Information Sharing the collective exchange and utilization of knowledge and expertise previously held by a limited number of group members Awareness of the distribution of information Understanding of the approaches for sharing information Understanding of how information can be integrated into design decisions. Bunderson & Sutcliff, 2002; Jehn & Shah, 1997; Mesmer-Magnus & Dechurch, 2009; Stasser & Titus, 1985; Miranda & Saunders, 2003 Image from http://electricarchaeologist.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/blogarch.png http://nextforge.com/?p=1913 http://www.theberkeleygraduate.com/2014/02/in-defense-of-the-interdiscipline/

13. AE Design Team Strategies Rolls-Royce Design Teams Boeing 787 Dreamliner Develop a collaborative strategy which incorporates information about team resources, member expertise, critical design events, and the changing nature of the design environment Images from http://www.af.mil/ Baird et al, 2000; NTSB, 2013

14. Strategies for managing & exchanging design decisions Goal Alignment Shared Knowledge Design teams should specify and prioritize goals early in the design process, and continuously monitor progress toward mission accomplishment Engineering designers must recognize the considerations and constraints of disciplines outside their own expertise Information Sharing Designers should develop a collaborative strategy which incorporates information about team resources, member expertise, critical design events, and the changing nature of the design environment Workshop for Managing & Exchanging Design Decisions Problem Scoping & Design Integration

15. Workshop Wrapper: Systems Engineering Top-down comprehensive, iterative and recursive problem solving process, applied sequentially through all stages of development Decompose problem into manageable subsystems Synthesize interdependent design parameters into integrated solution Image copied from Systems Engineering Fundamentals (2001) Defense Acquisition University Press, 2001; van Lamsweerde & Letier, 2000; NASA 2007

16. Problem Scoping • System Decomposition • Stakeholder Identification • Information Gathering • Mission Decomposition • Requirements Definition

17. Design Integration • Jig-Saw, Role-Playing Activity • Participants become “experts” on one system component • System experts redistribute to multidisciplinary teams • Negotiate high-level design objectives and constraints • Identify critical design metrics of effectiveness

18. Final Thoughts Aerospace Engineering Design Process Strategies for Knowledge Management & Exchange Intervention Design

19. Thank you! Questions? This work was sponsored by the NSF, grant number DGE-0644493