
Surprise Quiz Test dividers up One piece of paper No talking
Review Quiz • When water dissociates what are the two types of ions that you will find? • Why is water a thermoregulator? • Oil does not dissolve in water. What is the scientific term for this? • How does salt dissociate in water? • What does a buffer do and how do you make one?
Organic vs. Inorganic • Organic molecules have carbon as the central atom • There are some inorganic molecules that contain carbon • CO2 CO CaCO3
Monomer vs. Polymer • A monomer is a single unit or a single type of molecule • A Polymer is made up of many monomers
Monomer Polymer Monosaccharide Polysaccahride Amino Acid Protein Nucleotides Nucleic Acid (DNA and RNA)
CARBOHYDRATES • The basic formula for carbohydrates is H-C-OH • This is used for short-term energy • This is an example of a Monomer • This is glucose • This is a monosaccharide
Carbohydrates • When two monomers come together they combine • Two monosaccharides come together and form a disaccharide
Formation of a disaccharide H2O Two glucose molecules Maltose
Condensation Synthesis • Also called a dehydration synthesis • Its called synthesis because it makes something • This is when two monomers combine and then a water is released
Hydrolysis reaction • This is the breakdown of large polymers into smaller monomers • Water is added to a polymer and it breaks up • Draw the hydrolysis reaction of a disaccharide
Carbohydrate Polymers • Starch – This is a long chain of glucose that is found in plants. It has a few branches. Its used for food. • Glycogen – This is a long chain of glucose that is found in animals. It has many branches. Its used for food. • Cellulose – This is a long chain of glucose found in plants. It is linked differently and has no branches. It is used for structure and support
Starch Cellulose Glycogen
Starch- this forms a bond between the first carbon and the 4th carbon • Glycogen- this forms a bond between the first carbon and either the 4th carbon or the 6th carbon. This makes it very branched • Cellulose- this forms a bond between the first carbon and the 4th carbon. However each glucose is flipped
Lipids • Lipids are types of fats and oils • They do not dissolve in water • Oil is found in plants • Fat is found in animals • Fat is used for • Insulation from the cold • Protective cushion for organs • Used for long term energy storage
Condensation of Lipids + 3H2O This is called a Neutral Fat. When a glycerol bonds with three fatty acids
Neutral Fats • Neutral fats are fats that are on a persons waist or legs • They are called neutral fats because they are non-polar and have no charge • Some fats are polar and do have a charge. One of these are called phospholipids
Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids • Saturated fatty acid – this is a fatty acid with no double bonds present • Unsaturated fatty acid– This is a fatty acid with double bonds present
Phospholipids • These are found in cells • They are what create the outside of a cell
Fatty Acid Chains Polar Head
Hydrogen bonds form between the phospholipid "heads" and the watery environment inside and outside of the cell • Hydrophobic interactions force the "tails" to face inward • Phospholipids are not bonded to each other, which makes the double layer fluid
Steroids • All steroids have 4 carbon rings that are attached This is the basic steroid backbone. There are many types of steroids but they all have this backbone
Steroids • On a test you may see a picture of a steroid like this
Proteins • They have structural functions • Ex. Bone, nails, hair, ligaments, tendons, muscles • Some are enzymes • Enzymes speed chemical reactions • Some enzymes break up starch and some break up other proteins • There are many different enzymes
Proteins • Proteins are made up of Amino Acids • The condensation synthesis of many amino acids makes proteins
Amino Acid • Amino acids are the monomer of proteins • All have carboxylic acid side and a amine side NH2 is the amine side. It is the Basic side The “R” group. Different for every amino acid COOH is the Carboxylic Acid Side
Also called a Peptide Bond
Peptide Bonds • When two amino acids are bonded together it is called a dipeptide • When there are many amino acids bonded together its called a polypeptide
Primary Structure • Proteins are many amino acids joined together • This is called primary structure
Secondary structure • The polypeptide folds and twists and forms hydrogen bonds with itself • This is called secondary structure
Tertiary Structures • After the secondary structure forms the “R” groups form covalent bonds with each other • An example of an “R” group bond is the S-S bond also called the disulphide bond
Quaternary Structure • When multiple polypeptides come together they form a larger protein. This is Quaternary structure We can see two polypeptides together
Quaternary Structure • Hemoglobin is a protein that is in blood cells • They have Fe2+ in the protein and this is what makes blood red
Nucleic Acid • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) are nucleic acid polymers • Nucleotides are the monomers • Nucleotide is made up of a Pentose sugar, a phosphate and a nitrogen containing base • There are 5 types of nitrogen containing bases. • Adenine (A) • Thymine (T) • Guanine (G) • Cytosine (C) • Uracil (U)
DNA double helix • Hydrogen bonds is what holds the double helix together • They form from complimentary base pairs • Thymine -- Adenine 2 hydrogen bonds • Guanine -- Cytosine 3 hydrogen bonds
Differences between DNA and RNA • They both have a Sugar and Phosphate Backbone • However RNA used Ribose for its sugar and DNA uses Deoxyribose Sugar – Phosphate Backbone Nitrogen containing Bases
DNA is double stranded or a Double Helix • RNA is a single strand no helix
DNA uses the nitrogen containing bases • Adenine • Thymine • Guanine • Cytosine • RNA uses the nitrogen containing bases • Adenine • Uracil • Guanine • Cytosine
ATP • ATP Adenosine Triphosphate • Adenine + Ribose sugar + 3 phosphates • Glucose has too much energy so it is converted into ATP molecules 3 Phosphates Adenine Ribose
When ATP releases energy it turns into ADP which is called Adenosine diphosphate • One bond is broken and this releases a lot of energy
The energy released from ATP is used by your body to make things like proteins or other polymers • ATP is also used by your muscles to make them move
Review for the Test • Chapter 2 questions • Page 43 questions 1 to 12