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Double Exposure : Climate Change Impacts in the Context of Economic Globalization

Double Exposure : Climate Change Impacts in the Context of Economic Globalization. Concepts.

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Double Exposure : Climate Change Impacts in the Context of Economic Globalization

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  1. Double Exposure: Climate Change Impacts in the Context of Economic Globalization

  2. Concepts • Double Exposure: Regions, sectors, ecosystems, and social groups will be confronted by both the impacts of climate change and consequences of globalization. New patterns of winners and losers will emerge. • What does exposure to multiple stressors mean for vulnerability? Vulnerability is dynamic. In the case of agriculture, structural economic changes must be addressed at the same time as environmental changes.

  3. Case Studies • Southern Africa • India • Cuba

  4. Double Exposure: Assessing Vulnerability to Climate Change and Economic Globalization in India

  5. Assessing vulnerability • CICERO, Rutgers, TERI, IISD study supported by CIDA and Norwegian Foreign Ministry • Methodology: Macro-level vulnerability profile, local case studies, policy analysis • Goal: Identify highly vulnerable districts to identify the factors that enhance or constrain coping and adaptive capacity

  6. Climate change vulnerability Globalization vulnerability Elements of vulnerability profiles • Biophysical vulnerability • Soil degradation and cover • Flood prone districts • Groundwater extraction Climate sensitivity index (precipitation variability and dryness) Base vulnerability index Trade sensitivity index (port distance and export- & import- crops) • Socioeconomic vulnerability • Agricultural workers and laborers • Irrigation availability • Literacy • Infrastructure • Gender discrimination

  7. Case Studies • How are farmers influenced by economic changes? • How do they cope with climate variability? • How may global changes influence adaptive capacity?

  8. ANANTAPUR

  9. ANANTAPUR

  10. Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh • Small and marginal farmers, landless laborers • Dry, rainfed agriculture • Most land devoted to groundnut production • Profitability reduced in 1990s due to growing cost of cultivation, stagnation or decrease in output prices, consecutive drought, and pest problems • Desperate situation has led to suicides among farmers

  11. Groundnut production • Sufficiency in edible oils gained by early 90s (97% in ’92/93). • Opening of the Indian edible oil market to imports • Palm oil from Indonesia and Malaysia has been a main competitor • Domestic edible oil prices move with international prices; good crop plus oversupply of imports means low prices. • Duty hikes in India (to protect farmers) often ineffective because of excess production and drops in international prices

  12. Implications for farmers • Profitability is being squeezed • Difficult to repay creditors • ”Oilseed industry is dying” • Lack of an alternative rainfed crop that is viable for small and marginal farmers • Options: Leave agriculture

  13. Double Exposure • Climate variability and change is an added stress to farmers; in some case, it is what pushes them over the edge. • Vulnerability to global environmental change must be assessed within the context of multiple stressors.

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