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CHAPTER 10

CHAPTER 10. AP US HISTORY. ADAMS-ONIS TREATY, 1819. John Q. Adams Don Luis de Onis Terms of treaty: Spain gave up Florida US gave up Texas Boundary of OK/TX – Red River. MONROE DOCTRINE. December 2, 1823 “all land in western hemisphere…off limits to colonization” 4 components:

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CHAPTER 10

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  1. CHAPTER 10 AP US HISTORY

  2. ADAMS-ONIS TREATY, 1819 • John Q. Adams • Don Luis de Onis • Terms of treaty: • Spain gave up Florida • US gave up Texas • Boundary of OK/TX – Red River

  3. MONROE DOCTRINE • December 2, 1823 • “all land in western hemisphere…off limits to colonization” • 4 components: • US not interfere with European issues • US recognize European colonies • Western hemisphere off limits • US consider new colonies hostility

  4. ANDREW JACKSON • “Corrupt Bargain” 1824 • John Q. Adams • Andrew Jackson • Henry Clay (Rep) • Adams wins; hires Clay Sect. of State • Jackson decries “wealthy” class in America

  5. Jacksonian Democracy • 1828, “average” American wins • Jackson: 6 policies • Laissez-faire (de-regulation of business) • National Bank of US (hated it) • Universal suffrage (for white males) • Manifest Destiny • Spoils system (patronage) • strict constructionist • Nullification Crisis • Second Bank of US • Laissez-faire economics (hands-off policy)

  6. Jackson (1828-1836) • North (economy based on trade/manufac.) • Supported high tariffs • Discourage competition with English • Kept American items cheaper than English • Made people buy American • Wanted woolen items high taxes • Opposed cheap land in west (worker shortage)

  7. Jackson term • South (economy based on agriculture) • Cash crops : NO industries • Cotton/tobacco • Sold to overseas markets/hated high tariffs • Slave labor • Wanted no tariffs, made their products more expensive to buy

  8. Jackson term • West (economy based on mixture of trade and agriculture) • Farmers wanted government programs • Wanted cheap land • Wanted better infrastructure • Roads • Capital improvement

  9. Industrial Revolution • 1769 Richard Arkwright (England) • Water Frame – thread –textiles (cloth) • England law passed to keep technology secret…Samuel Slater (farmer) brought to America • Moses Brown (Pawtucket, RI) 1798 • North became textile center

  10. Cotton Gin • Eli Whitney • March 14, 1794 (patented) • Short-staple cotton (high % seeds) • Hand cranked/wire teeth • Farms spread as far as Texas (new demand) • “Cotton Belt”

  11. Cotton • Cash Crop (advantages) • No advertising costs • Stores easily (no spoilage) • Lighter • Cheaper to transport (low cost)

  12. Cotton • Disadvantages of Cotton • Used up soil quicker/Crop rotation • Farmers had to learn “lie fallow” Cotton has 5 steps to grow: 1. grow 2. harvest 3. gin 4. bale 5. ship By 1860, +billion pounds grown. Slave labor up

  13. Mill Life • Samuel Slater (Pawtucket, RI) • Rhode Island System • Recruited poor for workers • Families (men, women & kids) • Kids-smaller hands, less pay • Mill towns built-company store • Slatersville • Housing – credit (pay over time)

  14. Lowell system • Francis Cabot Lowell • Water based textile mills • Waltham, Mass: first mill open 1814 • Employed young, single women • Boarding houses for workers • Paid $1.25 week for room & board • Workers were paid approx. $2-$4 weekly (14 hour days) • Workers told when to eat, go home, sleep, work • Visitors monitored at boarding houses

  15. Union movements • Trade unions • began as way to fight immigrant labor • Worked to get better hours, pay for American workers • Wanted better working conditions (air, time) • Used the “strike” against employers to get what they wanted • Strikers usually lost, police intervened on side of employers • Court system favored employers also

  16. Lowell Female Labor Assoc. • Sarah G. Bagley, 1834 • Had 2 goals • Wanted investigation into working conditions of female workers at Lowell Mills • Wanted to get a 10-hour work day • 1840, Pres. Martin van Buren set federal work day at 10 hours; did not get most businesses to cooperate voluntarily.

  17. Transportation Revolution • Time of rapid growth in speed and convenience of travel. • Steamboat – 1803 Robert Fulton, by 1840 over 500 used in America • 1819 Gibbons v. Ogden • Water usage rights the question (NY) Ogden claimed to have sole rights to use; Gibbons wanted to access water, Gibbons won due to federal laws being superior to state laws

  18. Railroad • 1830 Peter Cooper • Built “Tom Thumb” locomotive • Challenged horse race, wins • By 1840, over 2,800 miles of RR tracks in US; and by 1860, over 30,000 miles laid. Trains could go up to 20 mph • Merchants and farmers now could use RR to ship products; cities grew up where RR had depots; coal was the new fuel

  19. Technology • Samuel B. Morse, 1832 • Telegraph • Used electricity and magnetism to send messages using pulses through a wire • Alfred L. Vail, developed the dot-dash system for Morse Code • People did not trust system, so 1844 during presidential convention in Baltimore, MD, message telegraphed candidate’s name

  20. Steam Powered Factories • Factories could be built anywhere • Closes to workers/higher population • Pay lower wages • Reduced shipping costs • Less transportation costs for raw materials • People flocked to cites for jobs in new plants

  21. Farm Advances • 1837 John Deere (blacksmith) • Designed plow to use in thick hard soil made of steel • Built a factory to produce over 1,000 yearly • 1831 Cyrus McCormick, developed harvester machine called the reaper; cut hay better • He created credit system, farmers could buy now, pay later

  22. Technology for Home Use • Elias Howe, created sewing machine at Lowell, Mass. • Issac Singer, worked to perfect Howe’s machine; mass produced it, made more affordable for most Americans. • 1860, Singer had 1 of world’s largest plant making machines • 1830, iceboxes invented to preserve food

  23. Jackson’s Indian Policy • Indian Removal Act 1830 • All Indians relocate to Indian Territory • Bureau of Indian Affairs • Manage Indian removal • Take care of all issues

  24. CHOCTAWS • First to move (Mississippi) • Chief Thomas Harkins • Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek • Gave up 7.5 million acres • No support from government • Not prepared for conditions • 25% died on trip • Starvation • Disease • Cold, sickness

  25. CREEK • 1836 Creek War • South Georgia/Alabama fought removal, Jackson led troops against them 14,500 captured, chained on boxcars to Indian Territory

  26. CHICKASAW • North Mississippi • Negotiated better moving conditions • Better supplies • Government support • Lost about 15-20% to death on trip

  27. CHEROKEES • Georgia (copy white lifestyles to fight removal) • Gold discovered on Cherokee lands 1831 • Worcester v. Georgia 1832 • Supreme Court found for Cherokees, did not have to move. Georgia ignored court order, Jackson had Georgia state militia move Indians at bayonet into stockades where they waited to move. • Jackson openly defies Supreme Court • “John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it”.

  28. Sequoyah (Cherokee) • Syllabury (86 character alphabet) • Cherokee Phoenix (1828 – English + Cherokee) • Treaty of New Echota 1835 • Trail of Tears • 800 mile walk • Indians suffered from cold, disease, bad food • 25% died on trip

  29. SEMINOLES • Florida (Seminole Wars 1817-1842) - +3,000 died • Osceola (Chief) • Led resistance, lost, over 4,000 • Escaped slaves part of tribe • Moved, others hid and stayed in Everglades

  30. Results of Indian Policy • By 1837, Jackson had moved 46,000 Indians • Opened up 25 million acres to whites • Caused death of approx. 20,000 people

  31. Jackson’s “home” problems • Nullification Crisis • John C. Calhoun (V-Pres. South Carolina) • S. C. nullified taxes on imports/exports • Said states’ rights more important than Federal laws • Jackson passes “Force Bill” – forces SC to collect and pay tax $$ • Calhoun resigned; Martin van Buren replaced him • Jackson reduced tax $$

  32. Jackson vs. National Bank • Jackson hated national bank • McCulloch v. Maryland (case) • 1832, Jackson vows to “kill” bank by stopping federal deposits to it • Jackson vetoed bank charter 1832 • Lead to high inflation (credit not available to most people) • Lead to Panic of 1837 (severe economic problem)

  33. Panic of 1837 • Caused by Jackson’s anti-banking policy • Told banks to “ease” lending, credit easier • “wildcat” banks (sign, get $$, go) • High % of paper money used • Decreased amounts of “hard money” – gold/silver • Large % of “investors” in land (people who bought it up, speculating on later higher prices) • Devalued American money by printing more of it

  34. Panic, cont. • Jackson ordered “Specie Circular” 1836 • Banks could now only sell land to people with hard cash • Slowed land sales • Increase inflation again • Jackson leaves office, van Buren now president, is blamed for entire money mess • Depression lasted 5 years

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