UNIT 1

1. UNIT 1 LECTURE 4 - THE CHALLENGE OF CITIES

2. America: Pathways to the Present Chapter 15 Politics, Immigration, and Urban Life (1870–1915)

3. America: Pathways to the Present Chapter 15: Politics, Immigration, and Urban Life (1870–1915) Section 1: Politics in the Gilded Age Section 2: People on the Move Section 3: The Challenge of the Cities Section 4: Ideas for Reform

4. CHAPTER 15 SECTION 3 THE CHALLENGE OF CITIES

5. The Challenge of the Cities • Why did cities expand in the late 1800s an early 1900s? • What new developments helped cities grow? • How did living conditions in cities change? • What were the results of city growth?

6. How Cities Grew • Before the Civil War cities were small. Most people walked wherever they needed to go. • The introduction of the horse-drawn carriage allowed people to move out of the cites to the suburbs, or residential communities surrounding the cities. • Later in the 1800s, motorized transportation made commuting even easier. • The first elevated trains opened in 1868 in New York and the first subway trains appeared in Boston in 1897. • Buildings became taller too. The first skyscraper in Chicago was ten stories tall. • The Home Insurance Building (1884) • First metal-framed building

7. 1880s Transportation & Structure

8. LIVING CONDITIONS • To make ends meet, a family of eight living in a 2-room apartment would take in as many as six boarders • Many did not have beds to sleep on • Many tenements had no windows • Few had toilets, running water, access to fresh air • This resulted in high rates of infectious disease • Diphtheria, typhoid fever, pneumonia

9. URBAN PROBLEMS Water • 1860s cities have inadequate or no piped water, indoor plumbing rare • Filtration introduced 1870s, chlorination in 1908 Sanitation • Streets: manure, open gutters, factory smoke, poor trash collection • Contractors hired to sweep streets, collect garbage, clean outhouses-------often do not do job properly • By 1900, cities develop sewer lines, create sanitation departments

10. Urban Living Conditions

11. URBAN LIVING CONDITIONS

12. Lodgers Huddled Together

13. Tenement Slum Living

14. The Results of City Growth • Rapidly growing cities were difficult to govern. • Increased revenue and responsibilities gave city governments more power and competition for control grew more intense. • Different groups represented the interests of different classes. • The political machine, born from these clashing interests, was an unofficial city organization designed to keep a particular group in power. • Political machines worked through the exchange of favors.

15. POLITICAL MACHINES • They won the loyalty of immigrants by providing them with apartments, jobs, neighborhoods with paved streets and sewer systems • Popular bosses: Tom Pendergast in KC, William Marcy Tweed and “King Richard” Croker in NY • They protected criminals through bribery

16. Graft • Political machines worked through the exchange of favors. • Many people who wanted favors would pay money, graft, to the machine. • Graftwas a major source of income for the machines. • Many immigrants accepted help from those who promised financial assistance • Business gained an edge over unions through government corruption • A contractor who was eager to win a city contract for a construction project would pay government officials who could throw the contract their way • These payments became known as “graft” • The graft made local office holders a source of profit

17. THE FLOW OF POLITICAL MACHINES Businesses pay large amounts of money for permits and contracts Machines are headed by a boss and keep one political party in power Bribes are given to city leaders and political machines City leaders are controlled through immigrant votes

18. WILLIAM BOSS TWEED • Corrupt political leader put New York City in debt • Political boss • 1851 elected to city council • 1852 served in Congress • Kept Democratic Party in power in NYC called Tammany Hall • Formed the Tweed Ring • Bought votes, encouraged corruption, controlled NYC politics

19. CHAPTER 15 SECTION 4 IDEAS FOR REFORM

20. Ideas for Reform • How did different movements help the needy? • How and where did sociology develop? • What efforts were made to control immigration and personal behavior in the late 1800s?

21. Controlling Immigration and Behavior • Many Americans linked the problems of the cities to the new immigrants. • By controlling immigrants, they hoped to restore what they believed was a past of purity and virtue. • Groups were formed to pursue this goal. • Some sought to keep immigrants out of the United States. Others wanted to change their behavior. • Many people were Nativists, who believed innativism, or favoring native-born Americans over immigrants. • The rise of immigrants to positions of power in the cities during the late 1800s provoked a new wave of antiforeign bias.

22. Sought to apply the gospel teachings of charity and justice to society’s problems. The Social Gospel Movement • Their settlement houses served as community centers and social service agencies. • Hull House, a model settlement house in Chicago, offered cultural events, classes, childcare, employment assistance, and health-care clinics. The Settlement Movement Helping the Needy

23. Prohibition The temperance movement, an organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption saw a revival in the late 1800s. Three major groups led the movement and supported prohibition, a ban on the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages. These groups believed that drinking led to personal tragedies, and they also saw a link among saloons, immigrants, and political bosses. Purity Crusaders As cities grew, drugs, gambling, prostitution, and other forms of vice (immoral or corrupt behavior) became big business. Many residents fought to rid their communities of these activities. “Purity crusaders” led the way. They fought against such things as the sending of obscene materials through the mail, information about birth control, and political machines. Prohibition and Purity Crusaders