Pythagoras and the Pythagorean Theorem

1. Pythagoras and the Pythagorean Theorem Made By Christine Gerwig

2. Pythagoras Pythagoras, a Greek philosopher, was born around 570 BCE in Samos, near modern Turkey. When he was around 18, he left to Phoenicia, Egypt, and possibly Babylonia (to study), and Croton (or Kroton) in Italy to escape the rule of the tyrant, Polycrates. He died around 490 BCE in another southern Italian city named Metapontion.

3. Pythagoras While in Croton, he established a society made of ‘Pythagoreans.’ The main idea of the Pythagorean philosophy is that there are three kinds of men: (from lowest to highest) those who buy and sell (lovers of wisdom), those who compete (lovers of honor), and those who simply watch (lovers of gain). This expresses the belief of the tripartite soul, the belief that every soul has three parts.

4. Pythagoras Pythagoras also taught about Rebirth, if the soul, a divine and immortal being, was purified from being in contact with the material body by the individual’s conduct and observance of rules.

5. Pythagoras Although not much is known about Pythagoras, it is fairly certain that he experimented the relationships between mathematics and music, as he also wanted to further explore the relationship between the physical world and mathematics. For example, he attached different weights to strings or used different string lengths, and examined the weights on the strings or the string lengths and the note they produced. He discovered that a string and another string twice its length produced harmonious tones, which led to musical scales and octaves. This also began the science of mathematical physics, where a physical law is mathematically expressed.

6. Pythagoras Pythagoras and his followers were also some of the first to imagine the world as a sphere, for it created a ‘perfect’ mathematical interrelation between a globe moving in circles and the stars’ behavior in a spherical universe. This was more pleasing that Anaximander’s cylindrical earth or a flat one, and later caused Greek scholars, such as Aristotle, to seek and find evidence to support the idea of a spherical Earth.

7. Pythagoras Pythagoras also believed that the Sun, Moon, and planets all move independently. His successors developed the idea of the Earth revolving around a central fire. This eventually led to the Copernican theory of the universe.

8. Pythagoras Some other beliefs of the Pythagoreans were: • To abstain from beans • Not to pick up what has fallen • Not to touch a white cock • Not to stir a fire with iron • Not to look in a mirror beside a light • Not to pick bread • Not to step over a crossbar • Not to eat from the whole loaf • Not to walk on highways • To regard men and women equally • To enjoy a common way of life • To live communally • Discoveries were communal and all were attributed to Pythagoras • The number is the essence of all things (virtues, colors)

9. Pythagoras Some other disciplines of the Pythagoreans were: • Silence • Music • Incenses • Physical and moral purifications • Rigid cleanliness • A mild asceticism • Utter loyalty • Common possessions • Secrecy • Daily self-examinations • Pure linen clothes

10. Pythagoras The Pythagoreans were finally destroyed in the 400’s BCE by the people of Croton. The people were suspicious of the Pythagoreans because they were aristocrats, so they killed the Pythagoreans in a political uprising.

11. The Pythagorean Theorem The Pythagorean Theorem was one of the theorems known earliest to ancient civilizations. 1000 years before Pythagoras, clay tablets from Babylonia had rules for creating Pythagorean Triplets, and showed that the Babylonians had some knowledge on the relationships between the sides of a right triangle, and had even come up with an estimation for the square root of 2.

12. The Pythagorean Theorem • The Chao Pei Suan also mentions the Pythagorean Theorem.

13. The Pythagorean Theorem • The Pythagorean Theorem is most likely only named after Pythagoras because he was probably the first to offer a proof of the theorem. However, since he was credited for the Pythagoreans’ discoveries, it might have been one of the Pythagoreans who discovered the proof.

14. Bibliography • http://easybib.com/ • http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pythagoras/ • http://history.hanover.edu/texts/presoc/pythagor.htm • http://www.iep.utm.edu/pythagor/ • http://www.dartmouth.edu/~matc/math5.geometry/unit3/unit3.html • http://www.math.tamu.edu/~dallen/history/pythag/pythag.html • http://www.personal.kent.edu/~rmuhamma/Philosophy/PhiloHistory/pythagoras.htm • http://www.wsu.edu/~delahoyd/pythagoras.html • http://faculty.evansville.edu/tb2/trip/pythagoras.htm • http://home.wlu.edu/~mahonj/ancient_philosophers/pythagoras.htm • http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/glossary/pythagoras.html • http://www.math.wichita.edu/history/men/pythagoras.html • http://www.age-of-the-sage.org/human_nature_tripartite_soul.html • http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12587b.htm • http://www.quotationspage.com/quotes/Pythagoras/ • http://9waysmysteryschool.tripod.com/sacredsoundtools/id13.html • http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/greeks/science/math/pythagoras.htm

15. http://jwilson.coe.uga.edu/emt669/student.folders/morris.stephanie/emt.669/essay.1/pythagorean.htmlhttp://jwilson.coe.uga.edu/emt669/student.folders/morris.stephanie/emt.669/essay.1/pythagorean.html • http://jwilson.coe.uga.edu/emt668/emt668.student.folders/headangela/essay1/pythagorean.html • http://www.geom.uiuc.edu/~demo5337/Group3/hist.html • http://ualr.edu/lasmoller/pythag.html • http://www.clarku.edu/~djoyce/trig/geometry.html • http://www.math.odu.edu/~jhh/p65to72.PDF • http://www.math.ucla.edu/mcpt/04-MCPT_Pyth_Participant.pdf • http://www.math.ucla.edu/mcpt/03-MCPT-Pyth_Instructors.pdf • http://blossoms.mit.edu/video/pythagorean/pythagorean-overview.pdf • http://www.math.psu.edu/levi/Welcome_files/Sample.pdf • http://www.astro.washington.edu/courses/labs/clearinghouse/labs/distform.html • http://www.usna.edu/MathDept/mdm/pyth.html • http://oneweb.utc.edu/~Christopher-Mawata/geom/geom6.htm • http://persweb.wabash.edu/facstaff/footer/Pythagoras.htm • http://people.wku.edu/tom.richmond/Pythag.html