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Linear Programming. Formulation and Application. A. Asef-Vaziri Industrial Engineering Jan 2003. Make / buy decision : Constraints. y1 = 3,000- x1 y2 = 2,000-x2 y3 = 900-x3. MIN: 50x1 + 83x2 + 130x3 + 61y1 + 97y2 + 145y3 Demand Constraints
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Linear Programming Formulation and Application A. Asef-Vaziri Industrial Engineering Jan 2003
Make / buy decision : Constraints • y1 = 3,000- x1 • y2 = 2,000-x2 • y3 = 900-x3 MIN: 50x1 + 83x2 + 130x3 + 61y1 + 97y2 + 145y3 • Demand Constraints x1 + y1 = 3,000 } model 1 x2 + y2 = 2,000 } model 2 x3 + y3 = 900 } model 3 • Resource Constraints 2x1 + 1.5x2 + 3x3 <= 10,000 } wiring 1x1 + 2.0x2 + 1x3 <= 5,000 } harnessing • Nonnegativity Conditions x1, x2, x3, y1, y2, y3 >= 0 MIN: 50x1 + 83x2 + 130x3 + 61(3,000- x1) + 97(2,000-x2) + 145(900-x3) • y1 = 3,000- x1>=0 • y2 = 2,000-x2>=0 • y3 = 900-x3>=0 • x1 <= 3,000 • x2 <= 2,000 • x3 <= 900
Problem ( HHL 3.21, HL 3.4.17) Men, women, and children gloves. Material and labor requirements for each type and the corresponding profit are given below. Glove Material (sq-feet) Labor (hrs) Profit Men 2 .5 8 Women 1.5 .75 10 Children 1 .67 6 Total available material is 5000 sq-feet. We can have full time and part time workers. Full time workers work 40 hrs/w and are paid $13/hr Part time workers work 20 hrs/w and are paid $10/hr We should have at least 20 full time workers. The number of full time workers must be at least twice of that of part times.
Decision variables X1 : Volume of production of Men’s gloves X2 : Volume of production of Women’s gloves X3 : Volume of production of Children’s gloves Y1 : Number of full time employees Y2 : Number of part time employees
Constraints Row material constraint 2X1 + 1.5X2 + X3 5000 Full time employees Y1 20 Relationship between the number of Full and Part time employees Y1 2 Y2 Labor Required .5X1 + .75X2 + .67X3 40 Y1 + 20Y2 Objective Function Max Z = 8X1 + 10X2 + 6X3 - 520 Y1 - 200Y2 Non-negativity X1 , X2 , X3 , Y1 ,Y2 0
Constraints 2X1 + 1.5X2 + X3 5000 Y1 20 Y1 - 2 Y2 0 .5X1 + .75X2 + .67X3 - 40 Y1 - 20Y2 0 Max Z = 8X1 + 10X2 + 6X3 - 520 Y1 - 200Y2
Problem ( HHL Problem 3.23, HL 3.4.19) Strawberry shake production Several ingredients can be used in this product. Ingredient calories from fatTotal caloriesVitaminThickener Cost ( per tbsp) (per tbsp) (mg/tbsp) (mg/tbsp)( c/tbsp) Strawberry flavoring 1 50 20 3 10 Cream 75 100 0 8 8 Vitamin supplement 0 0 50 1 25 Artificial sweetener 0 120 0 2 15 Thickening agent 30 80 2 25 6 This beverage has the following requirements Total calories between 380 and 420. No more than 20% of total calories from fat. At least 50 mg vitamin. At least 2 tbsp of strawberry flavoring for each 1 tbsp of artificial sweetener. Exactly 15 mg thickeners. Formulate the problem to minimize costs.
Decision variables Decision Variables X1 : tbsp of strawberry X2 : tbsp of cream X3 : tbsp of vitamin X4 : tbsp of Artificial sweetener X5 : tbsp of thickening
Constraints Calories 50X1 + 100 X2 + 120 X4 + 80 X5 380 50X1 + 100 X2 + 120 X4 + 80 X5 420 Calories from fat X1 + 75 X2 + 30 X5 .2(50X1 + 100 X2 + 120 X4 + 80 X5) Vitamin 20X1 + 50 X3 + 2 X5 50 Strawberry and sweetener X1 2 X4 Thickeners 3X1 + 8X2 + X3 +2X4 + 2.5X5= 15 Objective Function Min Z = 10X1 + 8X2 + 25X3 +15X4 + 6X5 Non-negativity X1 , X2 , X3 , X4 ,X5 0
Agricultural planning : narrative Three farming communities are developing a joint agricultural production plan for the coming year. Production capacity of each community is limited by their land and water. Community Land (Acres) Water (Acres Feet) 1 400 600 2 600 800 3 300 375 The crops suited for this region include sugar beets, cotton, and sorghum. These are the three being considered for the next year. Information regarding the maximum desired production of each product, water consumption , and net profit are given below
Agricultural planning : narrative Crop Max desired Water consumption Net return (Acres) (Acre feet / Acre) ($/Acre) 1 600 3 1000 2 500 2 750 3 325 1 250 Because of the limited available water, it has been agreed that every community will plant the same proportion of its available irritable land. For example, if community 1 plants 200 of its available 400 acres, then communities 2 and 3 should plant 300 out of 600, and 150 out of 300 acres respectively. However, any combination of crops may be grown at any community. Goal : find the optimal combination of crops in each community, in order to maximize total return of all communities
Agricultural planning : decision variables x11 = Acres allocated to Crop 1 in Community 1 x21 = Acres allocated to Crop 2 in Community 1 x31 = Acres allocated to Crop 3 in Community 1 x12 = Acres allocated to Crop 1 in Community 2 x22 = Acres allocated to Crop 2 in Community 2 x32 = Acres allocated to Crop 3 in Community 2 …………….. xij = Acres allocated to Crop i in Community j i for crop j for community, we could have switched them Note that x is volume not portion, we could have had it as portion
Agricultural planning : Formulation Land x11+x21+x31 400 x12+x22+x32 600 x13+x23+x33 300 Water 3x11+2x21+1x31 600 3x12+2x22+1x32 800 3x13+2x23+1x33 375
Agricultural planning : Formulation Crops x11+ x12 + x13 600 x21 +x22 +x23 500 x31 +x32 +x33 320 Proportionality of land use x11+x21+x31 x12+x22+x32 400 600 x11+x21+x31 x13+x23+x33 400 300
Agricultural planning : Formulation Crops x11+ x12 + x13 600 x21 +x22 +x23 500 x31 +x32 +x33 320 Proportionality of land use x11+x21+x31 x12+x22+x32 400 600 x11+x21+x31 x13+x23+x33 400 300
Agricultural planning : all variables on LHS Proportionality of land use 600(x11+x21+x31 ) - 400(x12+x22+x32 )= 0 300(x11+x21+x31 ) - 400(x13+x23+x33 )= 0 600x11+ 600 x21+ 600 x31 - 400x12- 400 x22- 400 x32 = 0 300x11+ 300 x21+ 300 x31 - 400x13- 400 x23- 400 x33 = 0 x11, x21,x31, x12, x22, x32, x13, x23, x33 0
Controlling air pollution : narrative This is a good example to show that the statement of a problem could be complicated. But as soon as we define the correct decision variables, things become very clear Two sources of pollution: Open furnace and Blast furnace Three types of pollutants: Particulate matter, Sulfur oxides, and hydrocarbons. ( Pollutant1, Pollutant2, Pollutant3). Required reduction in these 3 pollutants are 60, 150, 125 million pounds per year. ( These are RHS) Threepollution reduction techniques: taller smokestacks, Filters, Better fuels. ( these are indeed our activities). We may implement a portion of full capacity of each technique. If we implement full capacity of each technique on each source, their impact on reduction of each type of pollutant is as follows
Controlling air pollution : narrative Pollutant Taller Filter Better fuel smokestacks B.F. O.F B.F. O.F. B.F. O.F. Particulate 12 9 25 20 17 13 Sulfur 35 42 18 31 56 49 Hydrocarb. 37 53 28 24 29 20 The cost of implementing full capacity of each pollutant reduction technique on each source of pollution is as follows Pollutant Taller Filter Better fuel smokestacks B.F. O.F B.F. O.F. B.F. O.F. Cost 12 9 25 20 17 13
Controlling air pollution : Decision Variables How many techniques?? How many sources of pollution?? How many constraints do we have in this problem??? How many variables do we have Technique i source j
Controlling air pollution : Decision Variables x11 = Proportion of technique 1 implemented of source 1 x12 = Proportion of technique 1 implemented of source 2 x21 = Proportion of technique 2 implemented of source 1. x22 = Proportion of technique 2 implemented of source 2 x31 = Proportion of technique 3 implemented of source 1 x32 = Proportion of technique 3 implemented of source 2.
Controlling air pollution : Formulation Pollutant Taller Filter Better fuel smokestacks B.F. O.F B.F. O.F. B.F. O.F. Particulate 12 9 25 20 17 13 Sulfur 35 42 18 31 56 49 Hydrocarb. 37 53 28 24 29 20 Min Z= 12x11+9x12+ 25x21+20x22+ 17x31+13x32 Particulate; 12x11+9x12+ 25x21+20x22+ 17x31+13x32 60 Sulfur; 35x11+42x12+ 18x21+31x22+ 56x31+49x32 150 Hydrocarbon; 37x11+53x12+ 28x21+24x22+ 29x31+20x32 125 x11, x12, x21, x22, x31, x32 ???? x11, x12, x21, x22, x31, x32 ????
SAVE-IT Company : Narrative A reclamation center collects 4 types of solid waste material, treat them, then amalgamate them to produce 3 grades of product. Techno-economical specifications are given below Grade Specifications Processing Sales price cost / pound / pound M1 : 30% of total A M2 : 40% of total 3 8.5 M3 : 50% of total M4 : exactly 20% M1 : 50% of total B M2 : 10% of total 2.5 7 M4 : exactly 10% C M1 : 70% of total 2 5.5
SAVE-IT Company : Narrative Availability and cost of the solid waste materials M1, M2, M3, and M4 per week are given below Material Pounds available / week Treatment cost / pound M1 3000 3 M2 2000 6 M3 4000 4 M4 1000 5 Due to environmental considerations, a budget of $30000 / week should be used to treat these material. Furthermore, for each material, at least half of the pounds per week available should be collected and treated.
SAVE-IT Company : Narrative • Mixture Specifications • Availability of material • At least half of the material treated • Spend all the treatment budget • Maximize profit Z
Chapter 3 We are done with chapter 3. If you need more example, read the following slides. Also solve at least two problems ( among previous or later slides) using excel. If you need more reading; read sections 3.1 to 3.6 inclusive. That is pages 24-72. If you still need more problem, pickup one problem in each of the following pages. 91, 92,93,94,95,96, 97,98, 99, 100, 101, 102. Do not solve the excel part or software part of the problems you pick.
Capital budgeting : Narrative representation We are an investor, and there are 3 investment projects offered to the public. We may invest in any portion of one or more projects. Investment requirements of each project in each year ( in millions of dollars) is given below. The Net Present Value (NPV) of total cash flow is also given. Year Project 1 Project 2 Project 3 0 40 80 90 1 60 80 60 2 90 80 20 3 10 70 60 NPV 45 70 50
Capital budgeting : Narrative representation If we invest in 5% of project 1, then we need to invest 2, 3, 4.5, and 0.5 million dollars in years 0, 1, 2, 3 respectively. The NPV of our investment would be also equal to 5% of the NPV of this project, i.e. 2.25 million dollars. Year Project 1 5% of Project 1 0 40 2 1 60 3 2 90 4.5 3 10 .5 NPV 45 2.25
Capital budgeting : Narrative representation Based on our budget forecasts, Our total available money to invest in year 0 is 25M. Our total available money to invest in years 0 and 1 is 45M Our total available money to invest in years 0, 1, 2 is 65M Our total available money to invest in years 0, 1, 2, 3 is 80M To clarify, in year 0 we can not invest more than 25M. In year 1 we can invest 45M minus what we have invested in year 0. The same is true for years 2 and 3. The objective is to maximize the NPV of our investments
Capital budgeting : Formulation x1 = proportion of project 1 invested by us. x2 = proportionof project 2 invested by us. x3 = proportionof project 3 invested by us. Maximize NPV Z = 45x1 + 70 x2 + 50 x3 subject to Year 0 : 40 x1 + 80 x2 + 90 x3 25 Year 1 :Investment in year 0 + Investment in year 1 45
Capital budgeting : Formulation Investment in year 0 = 40 x1 + 80 x2 + 90 x3 Investment in year 1 = 60 x1 + 80 x2 + 60 x3 Year 1 : 60 x1 + 80 x2 + 60 x3 + 40 x1 + 80 x2 + 90 x3 45 Year 1 : 100x1 + 160 x2 + 150 x3 45 Year 2 : 90x1 + 80x2 + 20 x3+ 100x1 + 160 x2 + 150 x3 65 Year 2 : 190x1 + 240x2 + 170 x3 65 Year 3 : 10x1 + 70x2 + 60 x3 +190x1 + 240x2 + 170 x3 80 Year 3 : 200x1 + 310x2 + 230 x3 80 x1 , x2, x3 0.
Personnel scheduling problem : Narrative representation An airline reservations office is open to take reservations by telephone 24 hours per day, Monday through Friday.The number of reservation officers needed for each time period is shown below. Period Requirement 12am-4am 11 4am-8am 15 8am-12pm 31 12pm-4pm 17 4pm-8pm 25 8pm-12am 19 The union contract requires all employees to work 8 consecutive hours. Therefore, we have shifts of 12am-8am, 4am-12pm, 8am-4pm, 12pm-8pm, 4pm-12am, 8pm-4am. Hire the minimum number of reservation agents needed to cover all requirements.
Personnel scheduling problem : Narrative representation The union contract requires all employees to work 8 consecutive hours. We have shifts of 12am-8am, 4am-12pm, 8am-4pm, 12pm-8pm, 4pm-12am, 8pm-4am. Hire the minimum number of reservation agents needed to cover all requirements. If there were not restrictions of 8 hrs sifts, then we could hire as required, for example 11 workers for 4 hors and 15 workers for 4 hours.
Personnel scheduling problem : Pictorial representation Period Shift 1 2 3 4 5 6 11 15 31 17 25 19 12 am to 4 am 4 am to 8 am 8 am to 12 pm 12 pm to 4 pm 4 pm to 8 pm 8 pm to 12 am
Personnel scheduling problem : Decision variables x1 = Number of officers in 12 am to 8 am shift x2 = Number of officers in 4 am to 12 pm shift x3 = Number of officers in 8 am to 4 pm shift x4 = Number of officers in 12 pm to 8 pm shift x5 = Number of officers in 4 pm to 12 am shift x6 = Number of officers in 8 pm to 4 am shift
Personnel problem : constraints and objective function Min Z = x1+ x2+ x3+ x4+ x5+ x6 12 am - 4 am : x1 +x6 11 4 am - 8 am : x1 +x2 15 8 am - 12 pm : +x2 +x3 31 12 pm - 4 pm : +x3 +x4 17 4 pm - 8 pm : +x4 +x5 25 8 pm - 12 am : +x5 +x6 19 x1 , x2, x3, x4, x5, x6 0.
Aggregate Production Planning : Narrative PM Computer Services assembles its own brand of computers. Production capacity in regular time is 160 computer / week Production capacity in over time is 50 computer / week Assembly and inspection cost / computer is $190 in regular time and $260 in over time. Customer orders are as follows Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 Orders 105 170 230 180 150 250 It costs $10 / computer / week to produce a computer in one week and hold it in inventory for another week. The Goal is to satisfy customer orders at minimum cost.