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Maps and Cartoons of the Interwar Years. The Race to War: 1919-1939. Europe – 1919 What new countries exisit ?. Hitler’s Foreign and Domestic Policies. “It worked at the Reichstag – why not here?”. “Where they have burned books, they will end in burning human beings.” .
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Maps and Cartoons of the Interwar Years The Race to War: 1919-1939
Hitler’s Foreign and Domestic Policies “It worked at the Reichstag – why not here?”
“Where they have burned books, they will end in burning human beings.” Hitler controlled the minds and thoughts of the citizenry and then action
Where does Germany go first? What territory do they occupy? What Treaty do they violate and ignore? German Expansion
"The forty-eight hours after the march into the Rhineland were the most nerve-racking in my life. If the French had then marched into the Rhineland we would have had to withdraw..“- Hitler German Occupation of the Rhineland Why didn’t the French fight?
German troops and the ensuing celebrations after the occupation of the Rhineland What do you notice?
Restaurant in Vienna “Jews not welcome” What territory did Germany acquire? The Anschluss
British and Nazi Diplomats Chamberlain proclaiming “peace in our time” Munich Conference - 1938
Numbers of Kristallnacht: 20,000 Jews deported to concentration camps 191 Synagogues set on fire -7,500 Jewish business looted Jews ordered to pay for damages to non-Jewish buildings (1,000,000,000 Marks) Kristallnacht – “Night of the Broken Glass”
Jews arrested during Kristallnacht line up for roll call at the Buchenwald concentration camp. November 1938. Lorenz C. Schmuhl Papers, USHMM Archives
The burning of a synagogue during Kristallnacht. The local fire-department prevented the fire from spreading to a nearby home, but made no attempt to intervene in the synagogue fire. Trudy Isenberg Collection, USHMM Archives
What is the result of Kristallnacht? Clear to Hitler and his top advisors that forced immigration of Jews out of the Reich is not a feasible option. Pogroms not entirely successful Hitler already considering the invasion of Poland. Numerous concentration camps and forced labor camps are already in operation. Buchenwald and Dachau The passivity of the German people in the face of the events of Kristallnacht made it clear that the Nazis would encounter little opposition -- even from the German churches.
Conflicts on Three Continents Spain – Italy - Japan
"We will conquer. People of Italy, to arms! Show your tenacity, your courage, your worth.“ – Benito Mussolini announcing Italy’s entry into World War II. Italian Expansion under Mussolini
1937 Franco and Friend Republicans vs. Nationalists
According to George Steer, a war correspondent for The Times of London… • "The object of the bombardment was seemingly the demoralization of the civil population and the destruction of the cradle of the Basque race." Steer continued, "The whole town of 7,000 inhabitants, plus 3,000 refugees, was slowly and systematically pounded to pieces." • The bridges and factories were not bombed and no strategic military objectives were targeted. It was one of the first aerial assaults against civilians in the history of warfare.
Japanese Expansion and Extermination 1931-1945
Occupation of Manchuria Post-Meiji Restoration and industrialization Need raw materials off island 1931 Hypothesize the League of Nations response to the Japanese occupation?
What has to occur in society before something like this can occur? • Filmed footage and still photographs taken by the Japanese themselves document the brutality. Smiling soldiers can be seen conducting bayonet practice on live prisoners, decapitating them and displaying severed heads as souvenirs, and proudly standing among mutilated corpses. Some of the Chinese POWs were simply mowed down by machine-gun fire while others were tied-up, soaked with gasoline and burned alive. • After the destruction of the POWs, the soldiers turned their attention to the women of Nanking and an outright animalistic hunt ensued. Old women over the age of 70 as well as little girls under the age of 8 were dragged off to be sexually abused. More than 20,000 females (with some estimates as high as 80,000) were gang-raped by Japanese soldiers, then stabbed to death with bayonets or shot so they could never bear witness. • Throughout the city of Nanking, random acts of murder occurred as soldiers frequently fired their rifles into panicked crowds of civilians, killing indiscriminately. Other soldiers killed shopkeepers, looted their stores, then set the buildings on fire after locking people of all ages inside. They took pleasure in the extraordinary suffering that ensued as the people desperately tried to escape the flames by climbing onto rooftops or leaping down onto the street. Accounts of the Rape of Nanjing
The International Military Tribunal for the Far East stated that 20,000 (and perhaps up to 80,000) women were raped, their ages ranging from infants to the elderly (as old as 80). Rapes were often performed in public during the day, sometimes in front of spouses or family members. A large number of them were systematized in a process where soldiers would search door-to-door for young girls, with many women taken captive and gang raped. The women were then killed immediately after the rape, often through mutilation, including breasts being cut off, and/or stabbing by bamboo, bayonet and other objects into the body…There are even stories of Japanese troops forcing families to commit acts of incest. Sons were forced to rape their mothers, fathers were forced to rape daughters. One pregnant woman who was gang-raped by Japanese soldiers gave birth only a few hours later. Monks who had declared a life of celibacy were forced to rape women for the amusement of the Japanese. Chinese men were forced to have sex with corpses. Resistance was met with summary executions. While the rape peaked following the fall of the city, it continued for the duration of the Japanese occupation.
