A. Allies Become Enemies

1. Beginning of the Cold War- growing mistrust between the two world superpowers-the U.S. and the Soviet Union

2. A. Allies Become Enemies 1. Post-war Problems • During WWII the Soviet Union and the US worked together • When the war ends old hostilities come back • Both countries had different political view points that did not go together

3. B. Communism v. Capitalism • Communism (USSR- Soviet Union) • Equal distribution of wealth • No private property • Government or workers control the businesses and the means of production • Soviets wanted to spread communism around the globe

4. Capitalism/Free Enterprise – United States • Most businesses and industries are privately controlled by individuals • Competition determines the cost of goods and worker pay • US saw itself as the beacon of freedom in the world

5. C. Fate of Europe • Yalta Conference • Feb 4, 1945 • Conference to decide the postwar fate of Europe • Called for free elections and democracy in the nations liberated from the Nazis • Stalin (leader of Soviet Union) did not agree with this-he wanted to keep control over E. Europe

6. Germany • Western Allies want a united demilitarized and independent Germany • Soviets feared a united Germany would invade their country • Split into 4 parts but later becomes 2 countries • Eastern Germany (Soviet controlled) and Western Germany (democratic and free)

7. The Iron Curtain descended on Europe • Winston Churchill uses this phrase to describe what happened in Europe • This imaginary line marked the democratic west on one side and the Soviet controlled east on the other

8. Free elections agreed on at Yalta did not happen • Soviets establish “satellite states” or governments under the Soviet Unions control • Eastern Europe

9. 1946: Communist revolt in Greece • British were supporting Greek Government • Ask the US for help • US did not want Greece or its neighbor, Turkey, to fall to communism • Truman asked congress for $400 million in aid for the two countries • Greece and Turkey

10. B. Marshall Plan • What is it? • General George C. Marshall (Truman’s Secretary of State) • Asked European countries to come up with long term economic plans • The US would give aid to these countries to rebuild • Between 1948-1952, US spent $13 billion in W. Europe

12. After WWII Economies of Europe were in bad shape • Fear this could cause problems for world peace and US economy • Fear that communism would be popular in countries with poor economies Why did we need the Marshall Plan

13. D. A Cold War • When • Lasted from 1945-1991 • What • Cold War = struggle/tensions between the US and Soviet Union over global power • No real face to face war between the two countries • a new “Red Scare”: we’re afraid of communism and its spread • Why • US worried the Soviets would try to extend their control • Soviets worried the US would try to take away their power

14. A. 2nd Red Scare 1. Where the Fears Came From • Growth of communism in the US (Communist Party of the USA) • Soviet Expansion into Eastern Europe • Communist takeover of China • 1949-Soviets had tested an atomic bomb 2. HUAC • House Un-American Activities Committee • Created May 1938 • Investigated disloyalty and harmful foreign influences • Held hearings on Communists in Hollywood and the Government

16. HUAC’s most publicized hearings were with Hollywood and the State Dept. • People investigated in Hollywood (film, radio, TV) by HUAC were often blacklisted • Blacklisting = refusing to hire • Those accused couldn’t find jobs • HUAC investigated 3 million people 3. HUAC and Blacklisting

17. The Hollywood Ten, a group of writers who would not cooperate with HUAC, were the most famous of those blacklisted

18. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg • Convicted in 1951 of passing secret atomic weapons info to Soviets • Executed in 1953 for conspiracy to commit espionage

19. C. McCarthyism 1. Joseph McCarthy-stirred up Cold War fears • Republican Senator from Wisconsin (1947-57) • In 1950 began a campaign to expose alleged communists in the US Government

20. McCarthy’s Accusations • Communists had infiltrated the US Government • Claimed to have files on 57 communists in the State Department • His accusations were called a hoax but he simply made up more charges

21. McCarthy’s Accusations No Challenges from the Public • Were not used to questioning public officials • Did not want to be labeled “soft on communism” • People wanted an explanation for the spread of communism and McCarthy gave them one • “McCarthyism”-making vicious accusations without proof

22. One of McCarthy’s assistants had been drafted in the Military • McCarthy blamed communists in the military for this • A group of Senators decided to hold televised hearings on these charges 4. Army-McCarthy Hearings

23. McCarthy • McCarthy continued to attack military and the Army’s Attorney, Joseph Welch • People began to see McCarthy as a bully • 1954: Senate voted to condemn McCarthy, 67 to 22-formal reprimand • McCarthy’s lies however still destroyed careers and lives

25. D. Communist Fears in Pop Culture 1. Magazines • Articles published about communism • “How Communists Get That Way” • “Communists Are After Your Child”

27. Hollywood produced 40 anti-communist film • “I Married a Communist” Movies

28. C. Fear of the Bomb 1. At Home • Students practice duck and cover drills • People built bomb shelters in their backyards

29. In the 1950’s and 1960’s over 100,000 Americans prepared their own fallout shelters in their basements or backyards. • Underground shelters were built in backyards under at least 4 feet of earth or 2 feet of concrete with walls a foot thick. • Shelters ranged from $100 for the most basic up to $500 for those that included Geiger counters, telephones, electrical generators and other luxuries.

30. C. Fear of the Bomb • Stocked up on food that did not have to be refrigerated • Bought Pocket Dosimeters to let them know when radiation levels were safe

31. Committee for Sane Nuclear Policy • Anti-nuclear group • Argued that nuclear tests released harmful radioactive particles that led to birth defects and disease 2. SANE

32. A. Truman • Fair Deal -proposed postwar reforms -expanded SS, GI Bill, raise min. wage • Truman Doctrine • President Truman plan to stop the spread of communism • US would give economic aid to countries to fight communism

33. C. New Foreign Policy • Domino theory If one country fell to Communism, the rest around them would fall • Containment • US would try to “contain” communism • Wanted to keep it from spreading into important areas • Keep communism where it was

34. United Nations • Formed by 50 nations to : • keep peace • save succeeding generations from the scourge of war • reaffirm faith in human rights

35. D. NATO and the Warsaw Pact • NATO • North Atlantic Treaty Organization • April 1949: US, Canada, Iceland, and 9 W. European Nations • Member nations agree to defend each other in case of an attack • NATO would work as a protector against the spread of Communism

37. 1955 • Soviet Union’s response to NATO • Created an alliance between the Soviet Union and its “satellite states” in E. Europe • Members agreed to protect each other if attacked Warsaw Pact

38. Questions?