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Hemiptera: Bugs, aphids & hoppers, oh my!

Hemiptera: Bugs, aphids & hoppers, oh my!. ( EE , pp. 153-166). Phylogeny of Hexapoda from p. 52. Hemipteroid Orders 1I: Hemiptera. Hemiptera. Common name: Bugs, aphids, hoppers, etc. (82,000 known world species (8.2%)) Derivation: Gk. hemi - half; pteron - a wing

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Hemiptera: Bugs, aphids & hoppers, oh my!

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  1. Hemiptera: Bugs, aphids & hoppers, oh my! • (EE, pp. 153-166)

  2. Phylogeny of Hexapoda from p. 52 Hemipteroid Orders 1I: Hemiptera

  3. Hemiptera • Common name: Bugs, aphids, hoppers, etc. (82,000 known world species (8.2%)) • Derivation: Gk. hemi - half; pteron - a wing • Size: Body length 1-100 mm; mostly under 50 mm • Metamorphosis: Incomplete (egg, nymph, adult) • Distribution: Worldwide • Number of families: 134

  4. Key Features • very abundant and widespread • mouthparts forming a piercing/sucking beak or rostrum for liquid feeding • stink glands and sound producing organs sometimes present • many species are significant plant pests and some transmit human and animal diseases • the fifth largest order

  5. Suborder Sternorrhyncha(the basal hemipteran order - all herbivorous) potato/tomato psyllid silverleaf whiteflies pea aphid scale insect

  6. Suborder Auchenorrhyncha(all herbivorous) treehopper froghopper leafhopper planthopper

  7. Suborder Auchenorrhyncha(some cool planthoppers - lantern bugs)

  8. Suborder Auchenorrhyncha(some planthoppers get rather large!)

  9. Suborder Coleorrhyncha(contains a single family - found only in the southern hemisphere) planthopper

  10. Suborder Heteroptera(the true bugs - includes herbivorous and predaceous members) water boatman (corixid) tarnished plant bug (mirid) bed bug (cimicid)

  11. Suborder Heteroptera(this is the largest suborder - it is very diverse) water strider (gerrid) giant water bug (belostomatid) stink bug (pentatomid)

  12. hammerhead bug (geocorid) Suborder Heteroptera(even more heteropterans) shield bug leaf or plant bug (mirid) stilt bug (berytid) lace bug (tingid)

  13. The perfect suckers(all bugs possess piercing, sucking mouthparts that form a rostrum (long beak)) In Sternorrhyncha (iii) and Auchenorryhncha (ii) the rostrum is permanently directed backwards

  14. How the rostrum works(the bug rostrum is similar throughout the order)

  15. How to feed on plants(how does a bug reach phloem or xylem?) • stylets work through plant cells • stylets protected by a salivary sheath • stylets are flexible! Electron microscope photo of feeding site on plant

  16. two-linned spittlebug (cercopid) Filter chambers(some sap suckers have a modified gut - deals with excessive fluids)

  17. Fig. 1. (Left) Pea aphids on a broad bean seedling. (Right) In the aphid body, symbiotic bacteria with important biological roles are harbored in specialized cells. Buchnera (green) is essential for survival and reproduction of the host aphid. Serratia (red) confers a resistance to high temperature on the host aphid, and can compensate for the essential biological roles of Buchnera. Blue shows aphid’s nuclei. Feeding on low quality food(some bugs rely on microorganisms to provide essential nutrients) • generally bacteria contained within special bodies in the haemoceol or inside lumen of the midgut • in aphids, bacteria live in specialized cells called mycetocytes • bacteria provide nitrogen, vitamins and some lipids

  18. Reproduction in bugs(most bugs reproduce bisexually, but some are hermaphrodites) • around 10% of aphid species have complex life cycles involving sexual and asexual forms • involves alternations of generations between two unrelated host plants (one woody and one herbaceous)

  19. Bugs and ants(many bugs have evolved mutualistic relationships with ants)

  20. Bloomington, IN (2004) Periodic cicadas(time from hatching to adult emergence is either 13 or 17 years)

  21. Bugs as human pests(some bugs feed on blood and are vectors of human disease) • bed bugs have a long history of association with people • feed at night, hide in bedding, mattresses or cracks in floors and walls during day • hosts located by body temperature, odors and CO2 kissing bugs are a vector for Chagas disease - 18 million people affected (causes death in children)

  22. soybean aphid causes “sticky cotton” Bugs as human pests(some auchenorrhynchan and sternorrhynchan are crop pests) bugs are often vectors for many plant diseases

  23. Predatory bugs(some are active hunters, others ambush their prey)

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