April 12

1. April 12 • Turn in homework • Figures of Speech Quiz • Notes on chapters 17-23 • Song, sound, rhythm, forms, symbol • TP-CASTT – Poetry Analysis • Primary and secondary sources • Developing a poetry explication • Poetry Presentation assignment • REMINDERS • No class April 19 – Poetry exam online • I will have mid-term grades for you Thursday

2. Song Chapter 17 • Stanzas – groups of lines whose pattern is repeated throughout the poem • Rhyme scheme – order in which rhymed words recur • Refrains – words, phrases, lines repeated at intervals in a song or songlike poem • Ballads – any narrative song • Folk ballads – anonymous story-songs transmitted orally before they were written down

3. Song Chapter 17 • Traditional English or Scottish folk ballads speak of the lives and feelings of others • Ballad stanza – four rhymed lines abcb • Literary ballads – imitate certain features of folk ballads; tell of dramatic conflicts or of mortals who encounter the supernatural

4. Sound Chapter 18 • Euphony – pleasing sound to mind & ear • Cacophony – harsh, discordant effect • Onomatopoeia – attempt to represent a thing or action by a word that imitates the sound associated with it • “Who Goes with Fergus?” p. 538 • “Recital” p. 538

5. Sound Chapter 18 • Alliteration – repetition of the same consonant sound at the beginning of successive words (initial, internal, hidden) • Assonance – repetition of the same vowel sound (initial, internal) • “All Day I Hear” p.541

6. Sound Chapter 18 • Rhyme – two or more words or phrases contain an identical or similar vowel-sound, and the consonant-sounds that follow are identical. • Exact rhyme • Slant rhyme • Consonance • End rhyme • Internal rhyme • Masculine rhyme • Feminine rhyme

7. Sound Chapter 18 • Reading poems aloud… • Most effective way to read a poem • Read it slower than you would read a newspaper • Don’t lapse into singsong • Observe punctuation • Don’t make rhymes stand out unnaturally

8. Rhythm Chapter 19 • Produced by series of recurrences of stresses and pauses • Not identical to sound…it is part of sound • Stresses – (accent) greater amount of force given to one syllable in speaking than is given to another • Comes out slightly louder, higher in pitch • Each English word carries at least one stress with a few exceptions

9. Rhythm Chapter 19 • Meter - when stresses recur at fixed intervals • Stressed syllables – power and force • Unstressed syllables (slack) – hesitation and uncertainty • Pauses– (caesuras) influences rhythm too; indicated by a double vertical line • End-stopped – line ends in full stop • Run-on line – no punctuation; only slight pause • “We Real Cool” p. 557

10. Rhythm Chapter 19 • Types of Meter • Iambic – unstressed syllable followed by stressed syllable; most common in English poetry • Line Lengths • Iambic pentameter most familiar - 5 feet = 10 syllables

11. Closed Form Chapter 20 • Poet follows some sort of pattern, such as rhyme scheme, line numbers, and meter. • Most poetry of the past is closed. • Epic poems – long narratives tracing the adventures of popular heroes • Some complain that it limits free expression • Blank verse – unrhymed iambic pentameter

12. Closed Form Chapter 20 • Couplet – two-line stanza, usually rhymed; equal length; often printed solid, not separated from the next by white space…heroic couplet or closed couplet • Parallel – words, phrases, clauses, sentences side by side in agreement or similarity • Antithesis – contrast and opposition • Tercet • Quatrain

13. Closed Form Chapter 20 • Sonnet – fixed form of 14 lines, usually written in iambic pentameter and rhyme • English/Shakespearean – ababcdcdefefgg • Italian/Petrarchan • “Let me not to the true marriage of true minds” p. 575 • Epigram – terse, pointed statement ending in a witty or ingenious turn of thought; often a malicious gibe with a stinger at the end

14. Open Form Chapter 21 • Poet seeks to discover a fresh and individual arrangement for words in every poem • Neither a rhyme scheme nor basic meter • Words at the end of the lines are important p.593 • Free verse – “free from shackles of rime and meter” • “Thinking About Free Verse” p. 602

15. Symbol Chapter 22 • Visible object or action that suggests some further meaning in addition to itself • Conventional symbols have a customary effect on us • Power of suggestion – leads us from a visible object to something too vast to be perceived • Allegory – usually a narrative in which persons, places, and things are employed in a continuous and consistent system of equivalents.

16. Symbol Chapter 22 • Identifying symbols • read poems closely • Pick out references to concrete objects • Notice any that poet emphasizes by detailed description, by repetition, by placing it at beginning or end • Not an abstraction • Not a well-developed character • Not the second term of a metaphor • “Neutral Tones” p. 607

17. Myth & Narrative Chapter 23 • Myth – traditional stories abut the exploits of immortal begins • tells of gods or heroes • usually reveal part of a culture’s worldview • Explain universal natural phenomena • Archetype – basic image, character, situation, or symbol that appears so often in literature it evokes a deep universal response • Reflect key primordial experiences • “Thinking About Myth” p.632