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Emotions and Personality. Section 04/09/07. What are emotions?. Feelings?. Moods?. Seconds. Hours. Days. Time. Theories of emotion. What is the intuition?. Theories of emotion. What is the intuition?. Theories of emotion. Emotional invoking Stimuli. What is the intuition?.
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Emotionsand Personality
- Section 04/09/07
Theories of emotion
What is the intuition?
Theories of emotion
What is the intuition?
Theories of emotion
James-Lange Theory
Theories of emotion
Cannon-Bard theory
Theories of emotion
Cognitive Theory
Theories of emotion
The emergent synthesis
Where do they come from:
Nurture
Culture and Language!!
Anthropologists long argued that emotions are learned reactions dictated by our culture and language.
Where do they come from:
Nurture
Schadenfreude(German):
Enjoyment of other people’s misfortunes
Not exactly an emotion
most in our culture
would admit to....
AND we have no word
for it.
Where do they come from:
Nurture
Others
Enjoyment of other people’s misfortunes
Schadenfreude:
Amae(Japanese):
Dependence, immature/simple, spoiled
Jung(Korean):
Attachment, affection
Nature
Nature
Ekman
Ekman showed these pictures of posed
actors to people in 21 different countries
Ekman
Even people from a non literate culture with little or no previous contact with other societies identified with similar expressions
- Demo: Emotions from facial expressions
- You will see a number of faces, for each statement on your handout, pick the face that most clearly depicts the reaction you would expect in the situation described. You can choose the same face more than once.
- Results: Discussion
- Did specific faces tend to be associated with the basic emotions?
- Which had less agreement? Why?
- Were the other situations associated with particular faces?
- Subject were directed to do two tasks while heart rate, skin temperature, and other autonomic measurements were monitored:
- 1) Move facial muscles, with the help of a coach, into the prototypical emotion faces
- 2) Imagine emotional events corresponding to the 6 emotion faces
Eckman, Levensen, and Friesen 1983
- Observed that Anger and Fear significantly increased heart rate in both tasks over Happiness, Surprise or Disgust
- Similar autonomic responses to moving face muscles and to reliving emotional experience
Eckman, Levensen, and Friesen 1983
Campos and Sternberg 1981
Campos and Sternberg 1981
Campos and Sternberg 1981
Campos and Sternberg 1981
Campos and Sternberg 1981
Social Referencing: babies use mothers expression to decide to go across cliff
Campos and Sternberg 1981
The Limbic Lobe
Associated with fear conditioning
- Prefrontal Cortex:
- Emotional Memory (Damasio 1994)
- Anticipation of emotional events (Roberts et al 2004)
- Empathy (Beer et al 2003)
What is it?
Personality: an explicit theory about how tend to act over time.
Is this a useful
concept?
Personality: an explicit theory about how tend to act over time.
DEMO!!!!
- You will see 3 figures (A,B,C). I will read you statements about these three men
- Decide which of three men the statement most likely applies to.
- If you wanted to describe personality, or create a taxonomy, where would you begin?
Language!
- The idea was that the most salient and important personality characteristics have been encoded in language.
- Initial work by Allport and Odburt(1936)compiled all of the English terms in the dictionary as a basis set.
- Subsequent work focused on factoring these down to a meaningful and universal set of personality descriptors
- One of the most prominent models is the “Big 5” which measures 5 dimensions:
- Openness (orginality, open-mindedness)
- Conscientiousness (control, constraint)
- Extraversion(energy, enthusiasm).
- Agreeableness (affection, altruism)
- Neuroticism (easily upset, stress)
- Social-Cognitive Theory
- A different approach to personality based on research done by Albert Bandura.
- Three Main components (1) Observational learning (2) locus of control (3) recipricol determinism
- Observational learning: The bobo doll experiment
- Children watched a video of adults beating up a doll
- When allowed to play with the doll on their own, those that observed the adult beating the doll, did so as well
Sockeroo!
- Observational learning: The bobo doll experiment
- Children watched a video of adults beating up a doll
- When allowed to play with the doll on their own, those that observed the adult beating the doll, did so as well
- Observational learning: The bobo doll experiment
- Children watched a video of adults beating up a doll
- When allowed to play with the doll on their own, those that observed the adult beating the doll, did so as well
Yeah!
Sockeroo!
oooo!
- 80% of the kids repeat the behavior
- 40% will continue to do so, even 8 months later (Isom 1998)
- Reciprocal determinism: The environment affects us, but we can have an impact on the environment and ourselves too!
- Opposed to the direct learning theories of behaviorism
- Locus of control
- Am I in control of my environment or does the environment control me?
- Explains motivation
DEMO!!!!
- On the handout are a series of situations that can happen to people. There are two alternative explanations for why each situation occurred.
- Imagine each situation happening to you (even if it would never happen).
- Decide which alternative, A or B, you prefer.
- Score 1 point for answer A on items 1,4,7,13,15, and 17, and 0 for answer B.
- Score 1 point for answer B on each item 2,5,8,9,12 and 18. Score a 0 for answer A on these items.
- 3,6,10,11,14, and 16 were items used to evaluate social desirability: answer A in items 3,11,14,16 were associated with a need to be perceived positively by others, and used to camouflage the other questions
- High scores >> internal locus of control
- Psychodynamic Theory
- Freud proposed that the personality is made up of three main constructs:
- Id, Ego, and the Superego
- The id
- Like a screaming baby. The part of the personality that operates on the pleasure principle
- The drives and desires that center around satisfying needs and wants
- The Superego
- The expectations of proper behavior. Exemplified by parents and authority figures
- Acts as our conscious, and “punishes” the personality for thoughts that are “bad”
- The Ego
- The conscious self
- Operates on the reality principle
- Personality develops as the ego tries to satisfy the id, and at the same time, attempts to keep the superego from punishing it.
- Development is an interplay between the three components
- The id has two main drives: The Sex and Death instincts
- For Freud, these were implicit, buried deep in the personality, and NOT consciously knowable. Like a seething, bubbling cauldron wanting to explode!
- The Ego’s job was to keep the lid on!
- What is wrong with Freud’s theory?
- Testability
- Reliability of the data the theory is based on.
- Humanistic Psychology
- Developed out of clinical practice and experience.
- Postulated that the self-concept (or how we see and believe others see us) was an important motivating force in developing the personality
Carl Rogers
- Only one personality drive: self actualizing principle.
- Pushes us to more fully engage in the world and live the “good life:” one rich in new open new experiences.
- Some similarities with the ideas in Maslow’s Hierarchy
Carl Rogers
- Self-actualization was driven by Organismic Valuing, or the idea that experience and evolution provided every organism with an ability to know what was good for it
- Society led us astray by creating conditions of worth: specific conditions which we must fulfill to be considered human beings.
- Ex. Slavery, Political/Job Hierarchy, Salary
- Unconditional Positive regard
Carl Rogers
• "Experience is, for me, the highest authority. The touchstone of validity is my own experience. No other person's ideas, and none of my own ideas, are as authoritative as my experience. It is to experience that I must return again and again, to discover a closer approximation to truth as it is in the process of becoming in me. Neither the Bible nor the prophets -- neither Freud nor research --neither the revelations of God nor man -- can take precedence over my own direct experience. My experience is not authoritative because it is infallible. It is the basis of authority because it can always be checked in new primary ways. In this way its frequent error or fallibility is always open to correction."
--From On Becoming a Person, 1961
Carl Rogers
- muscles control facial expression
- Inerverated by two different nerve systems: voluntary and involuntary
eek! eek! eek!
a snake. Bongo afraid.
eek! eek! eek!
a snake. Bongo afraid.
An interesting thing happens if a lab reared monkey observes a wild monkey’s fear reaction to a snake
Mineka and Cook 1984, 1985
But will not work with non-snakes, even if the lab reared monkey observes identical fear behavior to a non snake stimuli
Mineka and Cook 1984, 1985
