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Topic 6 – Global Cities

Topic 6 – Global Cities. A – An Urban World B – What are Global Cities? C – The City of the 21 st Century. A – An Urban World. Urbanization What is the nature and the causes or urbanization? The Urban Explosion What is the scale of contemporary urbanization? Rural to Urban Migrations

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Topic 6 – Global Cities

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  1. Topic 6 – Global Cities A – An Urban World B – What are Global Cities? C – The City of the 21st Century

  2. A – An Urban World Urbanization What is the nature and the causes or urbanization? The Urban Explosion What is the scale of contemporary urbanization? Rural to Urban Migrations Why people are moving to urban areas?

  3. Urbanization

  4. Urbanization • Causes of urbanization • Historical: • “Civis”. • Defense (fortifications and group protection). • Trade routes. • Social: • Increased social interactions. • Institutions representing a society (government, religion & education). • Economic: • Linked with agricultural surpluses. • Increased economic opportunities (the most successful cities tended to be the most open to entrepreneurship). • Access to labor. • Specialization. • Economies of scale and of agglomeration.

  5. Historical Urban Location Factors Discuss the historical factors behind the location of cities. Defense Commerce River-island site River-meander site Bridge-point site Confluence site Rapid or waterfall Portage site Peninsula site (or offshore island) Sheltered harbor site Head of navigation site City Fortifications Road Read this content

  6. River Meander City: Bouillon (Belgium)

  7. Isle de la Cite, Paris, 15th Century

  8. Peninsular site city: Cartagena (Colombia)

  9. Sheltered harbor site: San Francisco

  10. Bridge point site city: London

  11. Confluence site city: Pittsburg

  12. Portage site city: Chicago

  13. Head of navigation city: Montreal (Canada)

  14. Cities through the Ages

  15. The city of antiquity: Rome

  16. The city of the Middle Ages: Avignon

  17. The city of the Industrial Revolution: Manchester

  18. The post industrial city: Hong Kong

  19. The Urban Explosion • Causes of contemporary urban population growth • Natural population increase: • Births minus deaths. • Demographic transition provided momentum. • Migration from rural areas: • Notably in countries with large rural populations. • Immigration (international): • Notably in Europe and North America. • Concerns gateway cities. • Reclassification of urban boundaries: • Encompass other cities and towns. • Encompass formerly rural areas.

  20. Net International Migration by US Cities, 2012-2013

  21. Net Domestic Migration by US Cities, 2012-2013

  22. The Urban Explosion: Stages of Urbanization Initial Stage Terminal Stage Transition Stage 100 Demographic transition Rural to urban migration Developed countries 80 Rural Society Developing countries Urban Society 60 Urban Population 40 Least developed countries 20 Urbanization 0 Time

  23. The Urban Explosion • First Wave (1750-1950): • Began in Europe and North America in the early 18th century. • First demographic transition: • Importance of natural population increase both in cities and rural areas. • First industrialization: • Incited the first significant rural to urban migrations. • International migration: • Important for gateway cities in North America. • Produced the new urban industrial societies. • Gradual process that involved a few hundred million people: • Europe, North America, Australia and Japan; 75% to 80% urban. • By the end of the first wave, the beginning of a new process; suburbanization.

  24. World’s Largest Cities, 1850 Read this content Conventional versus modernizing cities

  25. First Wave Urbanization: World’s Largest Cities, 1900

  26. The Urban Explosion Discuss the two major urbanization waves that took place since the industrial revolution. • Second Wave (1950-2050): • Concern less developed regions of the world. • Rapid growth. • Demographic impacts much greater. • Will account for 93% of the 2 billion increase in the global urban population between 2000 and 2030. • Limited recourse to migration.

  27. Second Wave: World Urban Population, 1950-2010 with Projections to 2020 (in billions)

  28. Rural to Urban Migrations • An enduring momentum • Current velocity: • 50 million new urbanites each year. • 1 million new urbanites each week. • About 155,000 new urbanites each day. • About 75,000 rural poor migrate to cities each day. • Migration: • Makes a significant contribution to the growth of urban areas. • Accounts for between 40% and 60% of annual urban population growth in the developing world. • Huge rural-to-urban migration potential in areas having a large rural population.

  29. B – What are Global Cities? Megacities and Urban Regions What forms large-scale urbanization takes? Global Cities What defines a global city?

  30. Globalization and Urbanization Read this content

  31. Megacities and Urban Regions • Concentration • An increasing share of the global population lives in megacities: • Cities of over one million. • Uncommon in the past to have megacities. • Difficult to sustain internally and to supply (food, water, energy and wastes). • First modern megacity, Beijing 1770. • From metropolitan areas to urban regions: • Contiguity. • Connectiveness. • Interaction. • Technology and urban form • Important historical role of technology (particularly transportation) shaping the shape and the dynamics of cities.

  32. One Hour Commuting According to Different Urban Transportation Modes Explain how transportation influence the structure of cities Streetcar line Freeway Walking 10 km Streetcar Cycling Automobile Automobile with freeways Read this content

  33. Functions of Cities • Economic Activities  • Transportation/Port Cities • Commercial Centers • Government Centers  • Cultural Centers • Education Centers  • Religious Functions • Entertainment

  34. Financial Centers: Singapore CBD

  35. Industrial Centers: Kaohsiung, Taiwan

  36. Transportation Centers: Port of Odessa, Ukraine

  37. Retail Commercial Centers: Hanoi Shops During Tet Shopping Season

  38. Government: Palace of Parliament, Bucharest, Romania

  39. Centers of Culture: Museo De Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia

  40. Education Centers – University of Warsaw

  41. Religious Functions: Great Mosque, Aleppo, Syria (Destroyed)

  42. Entertainment: Sports – Reliant Stadium, Houston, Texas

  43. Megacities and Urban Regions • Cities and global systems • Cities are nodes in a network of cities. • Flows of capital, trade and people. • The position of the city in the network is related to its influence (power). • Connectivity as a measure of power.

  44. Cities and Connectivity Read this content Production and Distribution Heavy Industries Airport District Port districts. Heavy industries. Railyards. Manufacturing clusters. Distribution clusters. Air link Port District ManufacturingDistrict Mobility and Accessibility Central / transit stations. Shopping districts. Airport districts. CBD Transactions Financial / management districts. Built area Road / transit link Logistics Zone Connectivity node Rail link Maritime link Economic node

  45. Metropolitan Areas of More than 10 Million Inhabitants, 2010 Read this content

  46. World’s Largest Cities Read this content

  47. Population Density of the World's Largest Metropolitan Areas, 2012 Read this content

  48. World’s Largest Urban Regions Read this content

  49. Criteria to be a World City; Many Wannabees

  50. What makes a city a world city? World Cities, 2012 Read this content

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