Aim : How does geography impact history?

1. Aim: How does geography impact history? Do Now: • Explain the difference between the two maps. • What type of maps are they? HW: • Textbook pick-up tomorrow afterschool in rm 5007. • Class materials due Monday

2. Physical Map

3. Political Map

4. Terraces

5. River Valley Civilizations • The use of agriculture allowed humans to develop permanent settlements, social classes, and new technologies.  • Some of these early groups settled in the fertile valleys of the Nile, Tigris-Euphrates, Yellow, and IndusRivers.  • The river provided transportation and water to irrigate crops. • This resulted in the rise of the great civilizations in Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, and India.

6. Archipelago

7. Peninsula

8. Island

9. Climate

10. Aim: How did the decline of feudalism and the Church impact Europe? Do Now: • Identify the continents on the map HW: • Textbook pickup afterschool in rm 5007 • Class materials due Monday

11. Europe

12. Athens Direct democracy Laws made by assembly Sparta Militaristic society Rigid social structure Classical CivilizationsAncient Greece 1750BCE – 133 BCE • Polis = city state Aristocracy = gov’t of landholding elite Key ContributorsSocrates, Plato, Aristotle, HomerAlexander the Great – Hellenistic Culture

13. Roman Republic Senate Consuls Patricians vsPlebians Roman Empire Caesar Augustus Pax Romana Laws of Twelve Tables Classical CivilizationsAncient Rome509 BCE – 476 CE

14. Barbarian invasions Gov’t corruption & division Emperor deposed by Germanic invaders West – divided & broken  Dark Ages East - Byzantine Empire Fall of the Roman Empire476 CE

15. Middle Ages(Dark Ages, Medieval Times) • Charlemagne established the Holy Roman Empire • Manor system • Feudalism

16. Byzantine Empire • Constantinople • Preserved Greek, Roman & Christian influences • Established Christian Orthodox Church • Trading network with Russia • Justinian’s Code

17. Causes Pope Urban II called Christians to defend the Holy Land (Palestine) from the Muslim Turks Christians that fought were promised forgiveness of sins Nobles saw opportunity for wealth Effects Muslims won control over the Holy Land Ottoman Empire replace the Byzantine Empire Created religious tensions Church’s power declined Trade between Europe and Middle East increased Feudalism declined Commercial Revolution: growth of towns and cities The Crusades

18. Causes Decline of Feudalism Reformation Kings claim divine right Rise of Absolutism • England • Henry VIII • Elizabeth I • Charles I • Cromwell & Commonwealth • Charles II & Restoration • James II & Glorious Revolution • William & Mary • English Bill of Rights • Absolute Monarchs • Charles V – H.R.E • Phillip II - Spain • Louis XIV – France • Ivan the Terrible • Peter the Great • Westernization

19. Renaissance1300’s – 1500’s • Rebirth of Greek and Roman culture • Humanism • Invention of the printing press led to the spreading of ideas

20. Causes Reopen trade All –water route to Asia Technology Gunpowder Astrolabe caravel Explorers Vasco de Gama Christopher Columbus Ferdinand Magellan Exploration & Encounter • Impacts • New World – colonies • Mercantilism • Colombian Exchange • Leading Nations • Portugal • Dutch • Spain

21. Causes Church corruption Selling of indulgences Printing press Martin Luther wrote the 95 Theses Effects Loss of religious unity in Europe Pope’s power declined Protestant Church Lutheran, Episcopal , etc. Protestant Reformation (1517)

23. Aim: How effective were absolute monarchs in ruling their country? Do Now: • Complete the Europe Review exit slip HW: Class binder due Monday

24. Age of Absolutism • 16th and 17th centuries • Absolute Monarchy -government run by a King or Queen who has absolute or complete control • Based on DivineRight – authority comes from God • Similar to “Mandate of Heaven”

25. Causes of Absolutism • Decline of Feudalism in the Middle Ages • Decline of the Catholic Church due to Protestant Reformation • Growing middle class looked for stability

26. Common Features • High taxes and wealth from colonies • Strong armies • Limited representative bodies of government • Examples: Louis XIV, Philip II, Akbar the Great, Suleiman the Magnificent, Ivan IV Louis XIV "The Sun King" Palace Of Versailles

27. Absolutism: A Blessing or a Curse? Advantages Disadvantages • Efficient • No debating • Stability • Wealth led to patron of the arts • Only one person has a say • Limited individual rights • Poor leaders can do great damage when in control for so long

28. Aim: How did the English monarchy compare to other European monarchs? Do Now: • Political/ Economic Systems handout • Age of Reason Test Thurs Sept 26th • Extra credit review sheet due that day

29. Early English Monarchy • King forced to sign Magna Carta (1215) • Created Parliament • Limited ruler’s power • Protected people’s rights • Yet, kings/queens remained powerful

30. English Civil War • Stuart family succeeds Tudors • Claim “divine right” • Parliament opposed • Passed tax laws without Parliament • King vs. Parliament • Gen. Oliver Cromwell’s army removes monarchy • Republic still rules without Parliament

31. Glorious Revolution • Cromwell dies • England restores king • Charles II dies; James II becomes king • Will he impose Catholicism on Protestant country? • William and Mary of Netherland invited to overthrow king • Sign Bill of Rights • Democracy • Limited monarchy

32. English Bill of Rights [1689] • Main provisions: • The King could not suspend the operation of laws. • The King could not interfere with the ordinary course of justice. • No taxes levied or standard army maintained in peacetime without Parliament’s consent. • Freedom of speech in Parliament. • Sessions of Parliament would be held frequently. • Subjects had the right of bail, petition, and freedom from excessive fines and cruel and unusual punishment. • The monarch must be a Protestant. • Freedom from arbitrary arrest. • Censorship of the press was dropped. • Religious toleration.

33. Aim: How did the Scientific Revolution change the European view of the natural world? Do Now: Think back to when you were younger… • What are some things that someone told you to believe in? • Why did you believe that person? HW: Summarize the significance of Galileo’s actions. Then explain whether or not you would have acted the same. Consider how far you would go to defend your beliefs.

34. Aim: How did the Scientific Revolution change the European view of the natural world? Do Now: • How did the English monarchy compare to other European monarchs? HW: Summarize the significance of Galileo’s actions. Then explain whether or not you would have acted the same. Consider how far you would go to defend your beliefs.

35. Europe

37. What is a revolution? • A revolution is a complete change of a social system, way of life, or an overthrow of a government.

38. Scientific Revolution • 1600’s - 1700’s • The questioning spirit of the Renaissance and Reformation was applied to the workings of the natural world and the universe.

39. Middle Ages • Knowledge comes from the Church and bible • Geocentric theory – Earth centered • Nicolaus Copernicus • Heliocentric Theory –Sun centered

40. Scientific Method • Truth based on observation and experiments • Johannes Kepler • Used math to prove Heliocentric Theory

41. Galileo Galilei What was the Inquisition? Why would Galileo’s ideas cause conflict with the church? Explain the difference between the Heliocentric Theory and the Geocentric Theory. What might have happened since Copernicus’s ideas to change the reaction of the church? Explain why the “Scientific Revolution” is considered a revolution.

42. Aim: How did the Scientific Revolution challenge previous theories? Do Now: • Explain why Europeans would first challenge the church before challenging their absolute monarchy. • Age of Reason Test Thurs. Sept. 26th • Review sheet due that day for extra credit

43. Copernicus Kepler • Heliocentric Theory = The sun not the earth is the center of the solar system. • Inspired other people to test his theories • Laws of planetary motion. • Structure of universe could be explained using geometry.

44. Galileo Galilei • “Father of Science” • Used telescope to prove Heliocentric Theory • Catholic Church puts on trial (Inquisition) for death • Put on house arrest for life

45. Francis Bacon & Rene Descartes • Founded scientific method • Conclusions based on observation and experiments (deductive reasoning)

46. Isaac Newton • Proved the existence of gravity - a force that kept planets in there orbit around the sun. • Helped prove ideas of Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo

47. William Harvey • Continuous circular blood flow within the body. • Greeks believed different blood to and from heart. • Improved understanding about functions of human organs.

48. Old Science • Relied on the Bible and Church teachings • Common Sense • Ancient Authorities • Aristotle & Ptolemy • New Science • Need more than the Bible and reason • Reasoning/Logic • Use the Scientific Method • Gather knowledge & make conclusions based on data

49. What changes might take place in society because of the Scientific Revolution?

50. Aim: How do you write a proper thematic essay? Do Now: • Match the scientist with his achievement/theory (see handout) HW: Write the first body paragraph of your thematic essay using one scientist from the Scientific Rev.