The Star Spangled Banner

1. The Star Spangled Banner Amanda Burchell, Mike DePalma, Lisa Maeyer, Troy Ohntrup, Marissa Wegfahrt

2. Table of Contents Meaning of the Flag The Pledge of Allegiance Evolution of the Song Psalm of Americanism Influence of the Song Original Lyrics Modified Lyrics Questions Bibliography Declaration of War War of 1812 Burning in Washington D.C. Battle of Baltimore North Point Hampstead Hill Fort McHenry Francis Scott Key Making of the Flag

3. Declaration of War • Trade restrictions brought about by Britain's continuingwar with France • Theimpressment of American merchant sailors into the Royal Navy • British support of American Indian tribes against American expansion • Outrage over insults to national honor after humiliations on the high seas • Possible American interest in annexing British North America territory (part of modern-day Canada

4. War of 1812 • War began with attack on Canada • An effort to gain land • Cut off British supply lines to Tecumseh's Indian confederation • Initial battles in Canada not as easy as War Hawks hoped • Inexperienced American soldiers pushed back rapidly • Britain was at war with France, so they were preoccupied and multitasking • On Mid-Atlantic Coast, British troops landed in Chesapeake Bay area in 1814 • Marched from here towards Washington

5. War of 1812 (Burning) • U.S. General William Winder attempted to stop British forces • U.S. troops badly routed • City of Washington was evacuated • British burned the Capitol, White House, and most of the nonresidential Washington • British pressed onward • Admiral Cochrane sought to invade Baltimore

6. War of 1812 (Battle of Baltimore) • Cochrane's forces bombarded Fort McHenry • Guarded Baltimore's harbor, but unable to seize it • This inspired Francis Scott Key to write the Star Spangled Banner

7. Battle of Baltimore (North Point) • British had 5,000 troops • Marched toward Baltimore, but met heavy resistance at the Battle of North Point • Fought about 5 miles from the city • Major General Samuel Smith commanded Baltimore • Dispatched roughly 3,000 men to meet the British in a forward engagement

8. Battle of Baltimore (North Point)(cont.) • General Stricker was to stall British invasion force in order to delay British advance long enough for Major General Smith to complete defenses in Baltimore • Ross led the land invasion force • Ross killed in second shift of American defense by an American sharpshooter • British army now under command of Colonel Arthur Brooke • British succeeded in driving American militia back

10. Battle of Baltimore (Hampstead Hill) • Rodgers Bastion, located on Hampstead Hill, was centerpiece of a 3-mile-wide earthworks from outer harbor in Canton • Dug to defend Eastern approach toBaltimore against British • Dawn on September 13, 1814 • Day after the Battle of North Point • About 4,300 British troops advanced north on North Point Road, then west along Philadelphia Road toward Baltimore • Forced U.S. troops to retreat to main defensive line around the city

11. Battle of Baltimore (Hampstead Hill) • British commander Col. Arthur Brooke established new headquarters about two miles northeast of Hampstead Hill. • British began probing actions on Baltimore’s inner defenses • American line was defended by 100 cannons and more than 10,000 regular troops • Defenses were far stronger than British anticipated

12. Battle of Baltimore (Hampstead Hill)(cont.) • U.S. defenders at Fort McHenry successfully stopped British navel forces • Few ships were still able to provide artillery support • Once British took outer defenses, inner defenses became priority • British infantry had not anticipated how well defended they would be • First attack was a failure • Brooke's forces managed to outflank and overrun American positions to right

13. Battle of Baltimore (Hampstead Hill)(cont.) • After discussion with lower ranking officers, Brooke decided British should bombard fort instead of risk a frontal assault • At 3 AM on September 14, 1814, British troops were ordered to return to ships

14. Fort McHenry North Point

15. Battle of Baltimore (Fort McHenry) • At Fort McHenry, about 1,000 soldiers under command of Major George Armistead awaited British naval bombardment • Their defense was augmented by sinking of a line of American merchant ships at adjacent entrance to Baltimore Harbor in order to further thwart passage of British ships • Attack began on September 13 • British fleet of some nineteen ships began pounding fort with Congreve rockets and mortar shells

16. Battle of Baltimore (Fort McHenry) • After initial exchange of fire, British fleet withdrew to just beyond range of Fort McHenry’s cannons and continued to bombard American redoubts for next 27 hours • Although 1,500 to 1,800 cannonballs were launched at fort, damage was light due to recent fortification that had been completed prior to battle • Only 4 killed, 24 wounded

17. Battle of Baltimore (Fort McHenry)(cont.) • After nightfall, Cochrane ordered a landing to be made by small boats to shore just west of fort away from harbor opening on which fort’s defense was concentrated • He hoped the landing party might slip past Fort McHenry and draw Smith’s army away from main British land assault on city’s eastern border • Gave British good diversion for half hour, allowing them to fire again and again

18. Battle of Baltimore (Fort McHenry) • On morning of September 14, 30ft × 42 ftoversized American flag was raised over Fort McHenry • Small encampment of British riflemen responded • Fired a round each at the sky • Taunted Americans just before returning to the shoreline

19. Battle of Baltimore (Fort McHenry) • Brooke was told not to attack American positions around Baltimore unless there were less than 2,000 men in fort • Brooke forced to withdraw from his positions • Returned to fleet • Scheduled to set sail for New Orleans

21. Francis Scott Key • Born in Frederick County, Maryland • Studied law at St. John’s College in Annapolis, Maryland • Was an attorney • Accompanied John Skinner aboard British ship HMS Tonnant during War of 1812 • Skinner and Key were there to negotiate release of prisoners (one of whom was Beanes)

22. Francis Scott Key (cont.) • Skinner, Beanes, and Key were not allowed to leave ship • Knew too much about the strength and position of British attack plans • Forced to watch ships bombard Fort McHenry during Battle of Baltimore

23. Francis Scott Key (cont.) • At dawn, Key saw the American flag still waving • Inspiration to write the poem describing his experience • Published as “Defense of Fort McHenry” • Now known as “The Star Spangled Banner”

24. Making of the Flag • Flag has been modified 26 times since 1777 • 15 stars and 15 stripes flew over Fort McHenry and is known as the “Star Spangled Banner Flag • There were 15 stars and stripes because Vermont and Kentucky had joined the colonies • That particular flag was used for 23 years • Made by Mary Young Pickersgill • Current flag was designed by 17 year old Robert G. Heft

25. Meaning of the Flag • Symbol of Americanism • Key felt flag symbolized relief and pride when it flew over Fort McHenry • Stripes represent the 13 original colonies • Stars represent 50 states of United States • Color did not have a meaning when the flag was first adopted • Red now means hardiness and valour • White means purity and innocence • Blue means vigilance, perseverance, and justice

26. The Pledge of Allegiance • Pledge allegiance… you promise to be loyal • to the Flag… to the symbol of your country • of the United States of America… a nation of 50 states and several territories, each with certain rights of its own • and to the Republic… a country where the people elect representatives from among themselves to make laws for everyone • for which it stands,… the flag represents the values of our form of government, in which everyone is equal under the law • one Nation under God,… a country formed under God whose people are free to believe as they wish • indivisible,… the nation cannot be split into parts • with liberty and justice… with freedom and a system of law • for all… for every person in the nation, regardless of their differences

27. Evolution of the Song • Key wrote the poem “Defense of Fort McHenry” inspired by flag flying and British defeat • Key gave poem to Judge Joseph H. Nicholson who them put poem to music • “The Anacreontic Song” by John Stafford Smith • Thomas Carr was first to publish song under “Star Spangled Banner”

28. Evolution of the Song (cont.) • Woodrow Wilson wanted original version, so he asked five musicians to play it • July 27, 1889, Secretary of Navy Benjamin Tracy made it official song to raise flag • 1916-Wilson had it played at military events and other important occasions • March 3rd, 1931, Hoover signed a law making it national anthem

29. Influence of the Song • Many professional and amateur singers sing the song at sporting events, military, or patriotic events • The song has also been adapted to take different forms • The song symbolizes Americanism and how we can stand together as a country • Boston Bruins clip

30. Psalm of Americanism • Psalm- a sacred song or hymn • Just as we have psalms in church, America has Star Spangled Banner • Psalms inspire worshipers of that faith • Patriotism is a faith • As Americans, we are worshipers of our faith • Singing the Star Spangled Banner is way of expressing our faith in our nation • Example: The Boston Bruins clip

31. “We have the ability to help people heal and find some reason to smile again by representing our city properly. We have an opportunity here to make our city proud. We’re all in for it, and hopefully we can do tat for this city, right now.” ~Claude Julien, Coach of Bruins

32. Original Lyrics And where is that band who so vauntingly sworeThat the havoc of war and the battle's confusion,A home and a country should leave us no more!Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps' pollution.No refuge could save the hireling and slaveFrom the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave:And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth waveO'er the land of the free and the home of the brave!Oh! thus be it ever, when freemen shall standBetween their loved home and the war's desolation!Blest with victory and peace, may the heav'n rescued landPraise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation.Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just,And this be our motto: "In God is our trust."And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall waveO'er the land of the free and the home of the brave! Oh, say can you see by the dawn's early lightWhat so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming?Whose broad stripes and bright stars thru the perilous fight,O'er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming?And the rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air,Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there.Oh, say does that star-spangled banner yet waveO'er the land of the free and the home of the brave?On the shore, dimly seen through the mists of the deep,Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes,What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep,As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses?Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam,In full glory reflected now shines in the stream:'Tis the star-spangled banner! Oh long may it waveO'er the land of the free and the home of the brave!

33. Modified Lyrics Oh, say can you see by the dawn's early lightWhat so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming?Whose broad stripes and bright stars thru the perilous fight,O'er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming?And the rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air,Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there.Oh, say does that star-spangled banner yet waveO'er the land of the free and the home of the brave?

34. Fact Sheet Questions Worksheet/Packet Questions

35. Bibliography • "Fast facts: U.S. flag." Boys' Life July 2013: 7. Student Edition. Web. 19 Feb. 2014. The first AMERICAN FLAG was approved on June 14, 1777. Flag Day is held on that date each year. • "Francis Scott Key." Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Scott_Key>. • Hickman, Kennedy. "About.com Military History." About.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Feb. 2014. <http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/warof1812/tp/war-of-1812-overview.htm>. • Jones, Jeffrey Owen, ed. "The Man Who Wrote the Pledge of Allegiance." Smithsonian. Ed. Smithsonian. Smithsonian, Nov. 2003. Web. 23 Feb. 2014. <http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-man-who-wrote-the-pledge-of-allegiance-93907224/>. • Nelson, Paul David. "Francis Scott Key." American History. ABC-CLIO, 2014. Web. 19 Feb. 2014. • Office of the Secretary. "Facts About the United States' National Anthem." U.S. Department of Education. U.S. Department of Education, 18 Dec. 2007. Web. 19 Feb. 2014. <http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/os/september11/ssbfacts.html>. • "“The Star-Spangled Banner”." UXL Encyclopedia of U.S. History. Sonia Benson, Daniel E. Brannen, Jr., and Rebecca Valentine. Vol. 7. Detroit: UXL, 2009. 1476-1478. Student Resources in Context. Web. 19 Feb. 2014. • "The Star Spangled Banner." The Star Spangled Banner. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Feb. 2014. <http://amhistory.si.edu/starspangledbanner/>. • "The Star-Spangled Banner." Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Feb. 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner>. • "Star-Spangled Banner and the War of 1812." Smithsonian. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Smithsonian. Web. 19 Feb. 2014. <http://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmah/starflag.htm>. • "'Star-Spangled Banner' (1814)." ABC Clio--World History The Modern Era. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Feb. 2014. <http://worldhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/1319672?terms=the+star+spangled+banner+>. • "The Story Behind the Star Spangled Banner." Smithsonian.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Feb. 2014. <http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-story-behind-the-star-spangled-banner-149220970/>. • "War of 1812." War of 1812. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Feb. 2014. <http://warof1812.thinkport.org/#overview.html>. • "War of 1812." Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812>. • "What the Pledge of Allegiance Means." It's Tactical. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2014. <http://www.itstactical.com/centcom/memorial/what-the-pledge-of-allegiance-means/>.

36. Bibliography • "The Story Behind the Star Spangled Banner." Smithsonian.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Feb. 2014. <http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-story-behind-the-star-spangled-banner-149220970/>. • "War of 1812." War of 1812. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Feb. 2014. <http://warof1812.thinkport.org/#overview.html>. • "War of 1812." Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812>. • "What the Pledge of Allegiance Means." It's Tactical. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2014. <http://www.itstactical.com/centcom/memorial/what-the-pledge-of-allegiance-means/>. • Wikipedia, ed. "The Battle of Baltimore." Wikipedia. Mediawiki, 31 Jan. 2014. Web. 23 Feb. 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Baltimore>. • - - -. "Flag of the United States." Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 21 Feb. 2014. Web. 23 Feb. 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States>. • - - -, ed. "Fort McHenry." Wikipedia. Mediawiki, 16 Feb. 2014. Web. 23 Feb. 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_McHenry#War_of_1812>. Pictures • www.publicsafety.net • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Frigate_Chesapeake%27s_First_War_of_1812_Cruise.png • americanhistory.unomaha.edu • robertluisrabello.com • www.awesomestories.com • http://www.nps.gov/fowa/historyculture/the-fall-of-fort-washington-and-the-battle-of-white-house-landing.htm • simple.wikipedia.org • 4gwar.wordpress.com • en.wikipedia.org • en.wikipedia.org

37. Bibliography • craigtowens.com • simple.wikipedia.org • en.wikipedia.org • starspangledtrail.net • www.monumentcity.org • www.eighteentwelve.ca • www.legendsofamerica.com • www.maine.gov • www.findagrave.com • www.nps.gov • en.wikipedia.org • dougtischler.blogspot.com • www.nydailynews.com