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Whose ideology, where and when ? Rama (Nicaragua) and Francoprovençal (France) experiences

Whose ideology, where and when ? Rama (Nicaragua) and Francoprovençal (France) experiences. C. Grinevald - M. Bert Dynamique du Langage Université Lyon 2. HRELP ELAP Workshop: Beliefs and Ideology LONDON - Friday 27 - Saturday 28 February 2009. Introduction.

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Whose ideology, where and when ? Rama (Nicaragua) and Francoprovençal (France) experiences

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  1. Whose ideology, where and when ?Rama (Nicaragua) and Francoprovençal (France) experiences C. Grinevald - M. Bert Dynamique du Langage Université Lyon 2 HRELP ELAP Workshop: Beliefs and Ideology LONDON - Friday 27 - Saturday 28 February 2009

  2. Introduction • We are not experts, just linguists… - with parallel experiences : Latin America / France over 20 years - concerned, as faculty, with training and supervising junior field linguists of EL • … proposing a “road map” for establishing “ideological clarity”, considering: 1. The who and where of ideological complexity 2. The synergies and conflicts of the Rama Language Project 3. The synergies and conflicts of the Francoprovençal situation

  3. 1. The who and where of ideological complexity Spheres of EL ideologies d. International - Worldwide a. Academia c. National c. Regional b. Local Endangered Language Field linguist

  4. 1. The who and where of ideological complexity a. Academic sphere Foundations for EL DEL 2006 HRELP 2002 VW 1998FEL and ELF Linguists organizations Germany - GBS 1997 USA - LSA 1992 Australia - ALS 1984  Individual linguists Description Documentation Archiving + Revitalization Fieldwork ON / FOR / WITH / …BY Desk / field ; theory / description Academia Field linguist

  5. 1. The who and where of ideological complexity b. Local  Linguistic communities ▪ activists ? local organizations ? ▪ conscious or not, politicized ? ▪ unified / atomized ; real / virtual  Variety of speakers ▪ attitudes of speakers ▪ "good" speakers, "last" speakers, "semi- speakers“… Local Endangered Language

  6. 1. The who and where of ideological complexity c. National and Regional ●National Constitution Laws Educational system ●NGO ● (Indigenous) organizations ● Missionaries National Regional ●Autonomy laws Educational system ●Regional government ● (Indigenous) organizations

  7. 1. The who and where of ideological complexity International - Worldwide d. international - worldwide NGO – Media Biodiversity WWF – World Wildlife Foundation Climate IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Indigenous rights Survival International United Nations Indigenous rights UNESCO 2003 Intangible Heritage 2008 International Year of Languages 2009 New edition of the Atlas of EL UNICEF Local educational programs FOUNDATIONS for EL

  8. Synergies and conflicts • Energies toward EL ++ very positive + positive 0 no particular energy, indifference - negative - - very negative • Synergies and conflicts: Ebb and flow over the last 20+ years Rama (1984 – 2009) Francoprovençal (1990 – 2009)

  9. 2. Synergies and conflicts of Rama project a. The Rama situation Nicaragua language hierarchy: Spanish (official) English Creole / Kriol Miskito Sumu Mayangna - Ulwa Rama Rama Cay Creole Rama speakers (1986) 31-58 of 900 population

  10. 2. Synergies and conflicts of Rama project International - Worldwide b. Political origins (1984) NGO: CHRLA ++ ’80 Eugene Council For Human Rights in LA (Chili, Nicaragua…) ++ ’79 Sandinista Revolution Ministery of Culture Contrawar → ++’87 Autonomy of Atlantic Coast Linguistic Rights → ++Demands of Rama leaders for revitalization of Rama Academia National Regional LFN - Linguists For Nicaragua ++ Field linguist++ CHRLA LFN Local EL

  11. 2. Synergies and conflicts of Rama project International - Worldwide c. Description and revitalization (1985- 1993) ++CHRLA, others ++CIDCA Centro de Investigacióny Document. de la Costa Atlántica Rama contradiction (island vs. mainland) ++Miss Nora - -no ‘tiger language’ from ‘tiger people’ ! Academia National 1992 ‘Endangered Languages’++ LSA,XV° ICL at Quebec Regional Field linguist $NSF – NEH – WG for ‘Science’++ $ LFN for revitalization++ Local EL

  12. 2. Synergies and conflicts of Rama project International - Worldwide c. Documentation - Archiving + Revitalization (1994-2009) ++Biospheric reserve of S.E Nicaragua 1999 (UNESCO) - -Threats to Rama Territory - “dry canal” ( // Panama) ? - inland invasion - Islands sold for tourism ++Gobierno Territorial Rama Kriol (GTRK): defence of territory ++Demarcation of Rama territory byGTRK→ more demands for revitalization of Rama Academia National Regional Field linguist $Univ Tromso - Univ URACCAN for revitalization ++ $ HRELDP 2004 - … for dictionary and archiving++ Local EL

  13. 3. Synergies and conflicts in Francoprovençal situation • French language hierarchy : • - French (official) • - Occitan, Breton, Alsacian… • (recognized, taught) • - Francoprovençal • Not recognized, cannot be taught, • spoken in 3 countries • (France, Switzerland, Italy) a. The Francoprovençal situation • Speakers: • ~ 50 000 in France • All + than 60 yr.o • Name of language • unknown

  14. 3. Synergies and conflicts in Francoprovençal situation International - Worldwide b. Description (1990-…) ++1992 European Charter for Regional orMinority Languages 1992 European Charter: -France abstains 0no action from the Regional Government 0speakers indifferent +semi-speakers interested 0/+ a few activists isolated demands Academia National Regional Field linguists Description: ON0 (≠ other France languages, as Occitan, Breton, Alsacian…) Local EL

  15. 3. Synergies and conflicts in Francoprovençal situation c. Description, promotion (2000) International - Worldwide ++European Charter 1999 European Charter: + France signs - but in the end does not ratify 0no action from the Regional Government 0speakers indifferent +semi-speakers +beginning of local coordination Academia National AULF Association Universitaire des Langues de France + Regional Field linguists Description + Archiving FOR and WITH+ Popularizing+ Sensitizing to EL + Local EL

  16. 3. Synergies and conflicts in Francoprovençal situation d. D D A + R (2008) International - Worldwide ++European Charter + 2008 Regional languages mentioned in French Constitution - France still refuses to ratify the European Charter ++2006Language planning (FORA) ++2008 Demands to French State together with others Regions ++Federation of local associations Participation in FORA +Speakers ++Semi-speakers Academia National Field linguists D D A + R: WITH and BY++ Regional €FORA Project++ Francoprovençal Occitan Rhône-Alpes - sociolinguistic survey - propositions for regional language planning Local EL

  17. Conclusion 1- Road map North / South Latin America Nicaragua North Europe France Worldwide International -Human Rights -Indigenous Rights -Regional autonomy -Linguistic rights ’80 1 people – 1 language -Land Rights 2000 1 people - 1 territory -Cultural Rights -Nation-State 1 State - 1 language -Regional identity 1 region - 2 languages (francoprovençal + occitan) National Academia FW ON FOR ↓ WITH + BY EL D D ↓ A + R Regional Local EL Speakers and communities attitudes

  18. Conclusion 2 - So what do we tell students? • What do we tell students about this ideological complexity ? • to prepare them • to coach them • and not to scare them ! • What is reasonable to expect of • field linguists working on EL ? • of linguistic students in PhD programs ? Thank you!

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