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Technology in Medicine. Diagnosis. Self-diagnosis. Dangers of self-diagnosis. You do not know know the subtleties that diagnosis constitutes Trained Vs Un-Trained Lack of objectivity. Pill Cam. Capsule endoscopy is a way to record images of the digestive tract for use in medicine. .
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Dangers of self-diagnosis • You do not know know the subtleties that diagnosis constitutes • Trained Vs Un-Trained • Lack of objectivity
Pill Cam • Capsule endoscopy is a way to record images of the digestive tract for use in medicine.
MRI • Magnetic Resonance Imaging is a medical diagnostic technique that creates images of the human body using the principle of nuclear magnetic resonance. • On July 3, 1977, nearly five hours after the start of the first MRI test, the first human scan was made as the first MRI prototype. • Functional MRI or functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) is a type of specialized MRI scan.
Nano-Tech • Imagine present-day nanoscale manufacturing techniques leading to bacteria-sized mechanizations that could tell one cell from another by touch, repair DNA within a cell, and even be directed by computers to complete multiple missions in the same body.
Personalized Medicine • Today, it takes computer 4 weeks to sequence human genome. • IBM and Roche are working together to decode DNA more quickly and cheaply, potentially allowing patients to receive customized prescription drugs. • Personalized medication can eliminate some adverse side effects of current drugs. Some preliminary cancer drugs based on the DNA Transistor technology have already reached the market.
Diagnose cancer in 15 minutes • Nanotechnology breath analyzer for kidney failure developed by a team in Israel that uses networks of carbon nanotubes. • More than 15% of all diagnosed cancer is lung cancer. • Israeli researchers have now demonstrated that an array nanoparticles in combination with pattern recognition methods can distinguish between the breath of lung cancer patients and healthy controls. This sensor may have the potential to form the basis of an inexpensive, non-invasive diagnostic tool for lung cancers
Smaller is better • Nanoparticles may help researchers overcome obstacles in gene therapy, which seeks to treat genetically inherited diseases like cystic fibrosis by implanting healthy genes to do the work of damaged ones. • Nanoparticles may also be used to deliver heat to cancer cells to kill them.
Dangers of nanotech • Individual experiments have indicated that if you develop materials with a nanostructure, they do behave differently in the body and in the environment.
Nanocomposite Contact Lens • Developed by Professor Jin Zhang at the University of Ontario • The new device is made by embedding nanoparticles into standard hydrogel lenses • BabakParviz at the University of Washington
How it Works? • These particles react with glucose in the tears and change color. • could alert diabetics to dangerous sugar levels without the need for regular blood tests
The Skin Gun • Developed by Professor Joerg C. Gerlach and colleages of the Department of Surgery at the University of Pittsburg’s McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine • Until now burns have usually been treated with skin grafts • The grafts can take several weeks or even months to heal
How it works? • the new method uses an electronically controlled pneumatic device that does not injure the cells • a biopsy is taken from the patient’s undamaged skin and then healthy stem cells are isolated • an aqueous solution containing the cells is sprayed on the burn. • After treatment the wound heals in just days, when it would have taken weeks to heal using traditional treatments.
Simplified Automotive Ventilator (SAVE) • is designed to be quickly deployed in a pre-hospital environment by a BLS or ALS provider, a medic or any first responder with limited training. • It is lightweight, rugged, hands-free, and contains a number of alarms and safety features not found in similarly priced devices.
How it works? • The ventilator is completely self-contained, weighs only 3 pounds and does not require a compressed gas source • It can be used with a mask or a secure airway. • The SAVe will deliver ambient air for up to 5.5 hours on a single battery charge
Davinci Surgery • designed to facilitate complex surgery using a minimally invasiveapproach • The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has cleared the Da Vinci Surgical System in 2000 for adult and pediatric use in urologic surgical procedures • http://www.davincisurgery.com/
How it works? • Consists of a surgeon’s console that is typically in the same room as the patient and a patient-side cart with four interactive robotic arms controlled from the console. • the surgeon uses the console’s master controls to maneuver the patient-side cart’s three or four robotic arms (depending on the model), which secures the instruments and a high-resolution endoscopic camera
Trauma Pod • under a DARPA Defense Sciences Office Initiative • will allow the military to provide medical care in any battlefield situation and to deliver the type of care that is equivalent to that available in the best hospital emergency care units.
Future of Trauma Pod • When fully developed, the Trauma Pod will not require human medical personnel on-site to conduct the surgery, and will be small enough to be carried by a medical ground or air vehicle. • A human surgeon will conduct all the required surgical procedures from a remote location using a system of surgical manipulators.
How Can We Improve the Living of the Blind? • Provide instruments that are audible, rather than visual. • Utilize technology that can allow the blind to see, such as the bionic eye. • This is a variation of the bionic eye and the fight against blindness:
The Bionic Eye • Argus II Retinal Prosthesis System can provide sight • Aids the blind who have suffered from macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa • These diseases damage the photoreceptors in the eye
Parts of the Bionic Eye • A digital camera that's built into a pair of glasses. • A video-processing microchip that's built into a handheld unit. • A radio transmitter that wirelessly transmits pulses to a receiver implanted above the ear or under the eye • A radio receiver that sends pulses to the retinal implant by a hair-thin implanted wire • A retinal implant with an array of 60 electrodes on a chip measuring 1 mm by 1 mm
Limitations of the Bionic Eye • Thus far, the bionic eye can only treat some diseases. • It has not enabled all the blind to see, only a select few • Not widely distributed to the public • High cost- typically around $30,000
Prosthetics in History • Prosthetics were pioneered by the Egyptians • Use was more aesthetic than medical • Prosthetics made out of wood and iron • Functional prosthetics began to make an appearance in the 1500s.
Prosthetics Today • Significant advances in comparison to ancient times • Artificial limbs are stronger, lighter, and limits the extra energy to operate the limbs • Materials used today are plastic, carbon fiber, Kevlar, nylon, Titanium-alloy, electronics • The use of body-powered arms, myoelectric prosthesis, robotic limbs, and even mind-controlled prosthetics
Prosthetic Arm • DARPA’s mind-controlled robotic arm was developed at a cost over $100 million by DARPA and Johns Hopkins University. • It is controlled by a microchip in the brain • The microchip records neuron activity and decodes the signals to activate motor neurons that control the prosthetic • Functions as a regular arm, with the ability to bend, rotate, and twist in 27 different ways. • Designed to restore almost complete hand and finger function
Sensitive Synthetic Skin for Prosthetic Arms • Researchers have created a material by combining carbon nanotubes that has the appearance of human skin and together with the prosthetic arm, will feel and function like human skin. • This synthetic skin could lead to next-generation prosthetic arms where the users can feel a light touch, shake hands, cook, and type naturally because the arm will send signals to the brain.
Monitoring Medical Devices • Artificial Heart • Pacemakers • Insulin Pumps
Artificial Heart • On July 2, 2001, surgeons at Jewish Hospital in Louisville, Kentucky performed the first artificial heart transplant. • The AbioCor Implantable Replacement Heart is the first completely self-contained artificial heart and is expected to at least double the life expectancy of heart patients.
Advantages of the Artificial Heart • Readily available and there is no need for immunosuppressive drugs • Able to prolong life until a heart transplant • Restores hemodynamic stability, raising blood pressure and helping vital organs recover in preparation for a heart transplant
Disadvantages of the Artificial Heart • Risk that the heart will wear out, infection, and the need to take blood thinners to prevent clotting • Not all patients have the body size that allows the device to fit inside the chest cavity • Some people may reject the artificial heart and recognize it as foreign • Inadequate pumping mechanism
World’s Longest Living Artificial Heart Patient • Peter Houghton became the longest surviving artificial heart patient after receiving the thumb-sized pump at the John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford in June 2000. • He was given weeks to live with the artificial heart, but ended up living 7 years later. • He died of multiple organ malfunction at age 68.
