basics of phonetics

1. ATAL BIHARI VAJPAYEE UNIVERSITYPRESENTATION ON TOPIC BASICS OF PHONETICS SUBJECT – BASIC COMMUNICATION PRESENTED TO - MR.YOGESH SIR PRESENTED BY – KISHOR NAIK (1ST SEM. FPT)

2. What is Phonetics? • Phonetics is the science which studies the characteristics of human sound making, especially those sounds used in speechand provides method for their discription, classification and transcription. • Phonetics is a science that deals with the study of sounds of a human speech.

3. The science or study of speech sounds and thier prodution, tranmission and reception and their analysis, clasification and transcription. • In phonetics we refer to individual sounds as phones or sounds; Never letters.

4. Fields of Phonetics : • Articulatory phonetics • How sounds are produced. • Acoustic phonetics • Physical properties of sounds. • Auditory phonetics • How sounds are perceived.

5. How Are Sounds Produced? • Most sounds are produced by an air stream from lungs through one or more speech organs. • Where and how obstructions are in the air stream determine the identity of the sound produced.

6. Organs of Speech

7. Voicing

8. Voicing

9. Place of Articulation • Articulator: Organ a speaker employs to produce and distinguish certain speech sound (e.g. lips are active articulators and hard plate is a passive articulator) • Place of articulation: Identifies the location of articulators

10. Place of Articulation • Bilabial [p] [b] [m] [w] • Labiodental [f] [v] • Interdental [θ] • Alveolar [t] [d] [n] [s] [z] [l] • Palatal [ʒ] [j] • Velar [k] [g]

11. Consonants and Vowels • Consonantal Sounds: obstruction of airflow in vocal tract. • Vowel Sounds: little to no obstruction of airflow.

12. Phonetic features of Consonants To describe phonetic features of consonants, list (a) voicing (b) place of articulation and (c) manner of articulation for consonants. e.g. [p] = Voiceless bilabial stop [z] = Voiced alveolar fricative

13. Features of Vowels • All vowels in English are voiced and involve a continuous flow of air through the oral cavity. English vowels can be categorized by four distinctive features: (1) Height of the tongue. (2) Frontness/backness of the tongue. (3) Tenseness/laxness. i.e. whether the tongue muscle is tense or lax (4) Round/unrounded. i.e. whether the lips are rounded or not

14. English is not a phonographic language • English is not a phonographic language, i.e. spelling generally does give a clear indication of pronunciation • Many sounds have several different spellings, • Many “same spellings” have different sounds, • e.g. <ough>: though, cough, bough, through, thought, and enough.

15. Is English spelling really so erratic? • 83% of English words have predictable spelling • However, the remaining 17% is comprised of the most commonly used, everyday words • Therefore the greatest difficulties are faced by the learner at the start

16. Why is English spelling so erratic? (1) • Not enough vowel letters for vowel sounds • English does not use accents, umlauts etc. • English spelling reflects many archaic forms of pronunciation e.g. night in the past, was pronounced with a fricative

17. Why is English spelling so erratic? (2) • English has always resisted spelling reforms and academies to set standards • English spelling became fixed in the 16th-17th c. with the arrival of printing. Many of the printers were Flemish and had little knowledge of the language • English has borrowed extensively from other languages and has tended to maintain original spelling

18. What is the difference between Phonetics and Phonology?

19. THANK YOU Presented by – kishor naik