Brain And Culture; Some Important Inclusions

1. The Centre for History of Philosophy and Comparative Studies • The Institute of Philosophy of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus Brain And Culture; Some Important Inclusions Valery YevarouskiE-mail: walewr@gmail.com Vilnius 2019

2. Brain Reward System

3. Terminology • Reinforcement -- the action of strengthening or encouraging something • .

4. How The Story Began JAMES OLDS May 30, 1922–August 21, 1976 • Considered as discoverer of the "reward" system in the brain • Jacobsen and Torkildsen replicated work in human • Olds, James, and Peter Milner. 1954. “Positive reinforcement produced by electrical stimulation of septal area and other regions of rat brain.” Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 47(6):419–27

5. Electrode Stimulation • Mild electrical stimulation of subcortical structures associated with the medial forebrain bundle • Animals would avidly perform tasks in order to receive such brain stimulation • In the aftermath of this discovery of the phenomenon of brain stimulation reward • Gardner, Eliot L. 2011. “Addiction and Brain Reward and Antireward Pathways.” Advances in psychosomatic medicine 30:22

6. Animal vs Human Reactions to Sweetness ‘Disgust’ Reactions to Bitterness • Olney, Jeffrey J., Shelley M. Warlow, Erin E. Naffziger, andKent C. Berridge. 2018. “Currentperspectiveson incentive salience andapplicationsto clinical disorders.” CurrentOpinioninBehavioralSciences 22:59–69

7. RAT REWARD SYSTEMS • Olney, Jeffrey J., Shelley M. Warlow, Erin E. Naffziger, andKent C. Berridge. 2018. “Currentperspectiveson incentive salience andapplicationsto clinical disorders.” CurrentOpinioninBehavioralSciences 22:59–69

8. Natural Reinforcement Sweet Sexual Temptation Water Hunting Meat Reward-motivated Seeking Behaviors

9. Reward Pathways Are Very Old • Surprisingly the brain structure that responsible for reward lays in the old areas of the brain and so is not strongly human • The areas of brain govern our biological reward system that appeared long before we (as species) had begun to exist. We can metaphorically describe the reward system as a trace of God in the human mind • These brain structures are referred to as reward pathways, which are very old from an evolutionary point of view and which presumably evolved to mediate an individual’s responses to natural rewards, such as food, sex, and social interaction • Arias-Carrión, Oscar, Maria Stamelou, Eric Murillo-Rodríguez, Manuel Menéndez-González, and Ernst Pöppel. 2010. “Dopaminergic Reward System: A Short Integrative Review.” International archives of medicine 3:24.

10. Animal Models Laboratory animals volitionally self-administer ethanol , just as humans do. Furthermore, the rank order of appetitiveness in animals parallels the rank order of appetitiveness in humans.

11. Animal Models • Mice and rats can also voluntarily drink large quantities of alcohol, which leads to strong intoxication • Some of the behavioral characteristics of addictions events, can be satisfactorily modelled in laboratory animals. • However, face validity is often a result of anthropomorphic interpretations of an animal’s behavior. • Sanchis-Segura, Carles, and Rainer Spanagel. 2006. “Behavioural Assessment of Drug Reinforcement and Addictive Features in Rodents: An Overview.” Addiction biology 11(1):2–38

12. Social reinforcement?

13. Worlds of Animals and Humans Jakob von Uexküll 1864–1944 Nobody is a product of their environment but everybody is the master of one's Umwelt. • Uexküll, J. B., 1934. Streifzüge durch die Umwelten von Tieren und Menschen Ein Bilderbuch unsichtbarer Welten.

14. Basic Worlds of Human • the Eigenwelt, the sphere of man in relation to himself • Umwelt -- the world of man in his biological environment • Mitwelt, man in personal relations with fellowmen

15. Home-Garden-Street-Analogy Eigenwelt Umwelt Mitwelt

17. Phänomenologie des Geistes Hegel, Georg W. F. Phenomenology of spirit (1807)

18. Dienstes, Gehorsams und Bilden • Ohne die Zucht des Dienstes und Gehorsams bleibt die Furcht beim Formellen stehen und verbreitet sich nicht über die bewußte Wirklichkeit des Daseins. Ohne das Bilden bleibt die Furcht innerlich und stumm, und das Bewußtsein wird nicht für es selbst.

19. Discipline, Obedience, Self-Cultivation • …. • Without the discipline of service and obedience, fear remains at the formal stage, and does not extend to the known real world of existence. Without the formative activity, fear remains inward and mute, and consciousness does not become explicitly for itself …

20. Ideal Self Mitwelt Eigenwelt Brain

21. The Centre for History of Philosophy and Comparative Studies • The Institute of Philosophy of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus Brain And Culture; Some Important Inclusions Valery YevarouskiE-mail: walewr@gmail.com Vilnius 2019