Nuclear Bombs

1. NuclearBombs Atomic, Hydrogen, and Neutron

2. Atomic Bomb • Manhattan Project (1939 to 1945) • Robert Oppenheimer • Response to Nazi Germany • Atomic bomb tested on July 16th , 1945 • Los Alamos • “The Gadget” • Uranium-235 and process of fission • Dropped on Japan • “Little Boy” • “Fate Man”

3. Japan Attacks: Hiroshima • Hiroshima bomb called “Little Boy” • August 6th , 1945 • Aircraft called Enola Gay • 16 kilotons of TNT • 70,000 to 80,000 people died initially • Japanese 2nd General Army causalities • 12 American deaths • Gun-type fission weapon made with Uranium-235

4. Japan Attacks: Nagasaki • Bomb’s named was “Fat Man” • (August 10th, 1945) • Exploded between the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works and Mitsubishi and the Urakami Ordnance Works • Killed between 40,000 and 75,000 people initially • 21 kiloton yield and • generated heat equivalent to 3,900 degrees Celsius

5. Robert Oppenheimer “I have become death...the destroyer of worlds.”

6. Impact on Japan • Japan surrendered 6 days after the bombing of Nagasaki • September 2nd, 1945 • Officially ending World War II • Japan adopted Three Non-Nuclear Principles • 90,000 to 160,000 people in Hiroshima and 60,000 to 80,000 people in Nagasaki died • ½ the deaths resulted on the first day • 60% from fire flashes

7. Hydrogen Bomb • Created by Edward Teller • Bomb was created in 1952 • Heat of atomic bomb would ignite the hydrogen • A canister would divide the atomic bomb and hydrogen fuel • Experimental bomb “Mike” • Bikini atoll • November 1st, 1952 • Vaporized the island of Elugelab • 700 times the power of the atomic bomb dropped at Hiroshima • Radioactive mud and acid rain fell • Area of 27 miles high and 8 miles wide

8. Neutron Bomb • Created by Edward Teller • Designed by Samuel Cohen • Tested on 1963 at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory • Test underground, 70 miles away from Las Vegas • Added to the United States arsenal • Fusion process and x-ray mirrors and an inert shelling case • Bombs are significantly smaller, but still offer a similar kilotons of energy

9. Soviet Union • August 29th, 1949- “Joe One”; copycat of “Fat Man” • Soviet Spies (Harry Gold and Klaus Fuchs) • Captured intelligence from Manhattan Project • True hydrogen bomb test on November 22nd , 1955 with a 1.6 megaton blast • October 23rd , 1961 another bomb with a yield of 58 megatons • October 4th, 1957 • The Soviet Union launched Sputnik into Earth’s orbit • America responded on October 31st, 1959 with their own missile launch

10. Potsdam Conference • July 24th, 1945 • An agreement between GB and US waited to inform Stalin about the Manhattan Project • Feared Stalin would risk information to German Spies • However, Stalin had a ring of spies (Theodore Hall and Klaus Fuchs) • Spies provided information for hydrogen bomb and implosion bomb • Stalin wasn’t mad as expected, at the conference

11. BRAVO Test • March 1st, 1954 (another hydrogen bomb at the Bikini Atoll • Explosion “underestimated” • 14.8 megatons rather than 5 megatons • Largest test done by the United States • Blast reached 300 miles away • Affected U.S soldiers and unfortunate residents • Japanese fishermen

12. Duck and Cover • Produced in 1951 by the United States federal government’s • Civil Defense

13. Overall Outcome • Nuclear Arms race (1941-1991) • United States and Soviet Union realized they had enough nuclear weapons to destroy each other • Mutual Assured Destruction • The Soviet Union and the United States realized that they would severally damage each other • This realization prevent the use of nuclear weapons • United States resisted use of nuclear weapons during Korean War • President Eisenhower opposed use of nukes • Non-Proliferation Treaty (today’s goals)

14. Name: Jacob Pasley Date: 4/24/13 Period: #6