Inventions of the late 1800’s

1. Inventions of the late 1800’s Standard 4.2

2. Inventions of the Late 1800’s Standard 4.2

3. What do we need to know? • What is it? • Who? • When? • What did it do? • Impact?

4. mass production telegraph telephone light bulb typewriter mechanical reaper steel plow Bessemer process The What

5. Becoming an Industrial Power Standard 4.1-4.2

6. Westward Expansion • opened up vast amounts of natural resources; settlers given free land • required further control of Natives; restricted to reservations; hostile tribes combined; many wars/massacres/treaties not honored • Indian wars ended 1890; frontier closed • led to transcontinental RR

7. Railroads • companies offered compensation from govt to build • transcontinental RR completed 1869 in Utah • RR built by Irish & Chinese immigrants • open up trade routes, communication, & markets nationwide

8. Government Policies • immigration restrictions protected workers from competition • Chinese Exclusion Act: 1882; cut off immigrants from China for 10 years (law kept active until 1943) • protective tariff protected industry from competition • govt regulated interstate commerce, labor unions

9. Use the maps to prove that RRs… • encouraged westward migration • stimulated the steel industry • contributed to the growth of western cities • created a natural monopoly • increased western land values • created new jobs • created a national market & competition for consumers

10. disrupted the lives of the Indians • used government land grants & loans to build • contributed to the cattle industry • Write one sentence to summarize the importance of the RR during the Gilded Age.

11. Proof of Learning 3/8 • What was the impact of the Bessemer process? • What was in the West that allowed for economic growth? • How did railroads help the economy? • How did restricting immigration help the economy? Tariffs? • What invention on the chart has had the most lasting impact on our lives? Explain.

12. The Rise of Corporations Standard 4.3

13. Beginnings • corporation: a group of businesses recognized as an entity separate from its parts (ex. a family) • origins in America as early as Jamestown (joint-stock companies) • began during 1st industrial rev. to raise capital

14. Becoming Powerful • rapid growth through monopolies (one company controls all of a particular industry) • vertical integration: taking over all aspects of production • horizontal integration: taking over all competitors • growth occurs after the Civil War (Gilded Age)

16. Andrew Carnegie • Scottish immigrant • pioneered vertical integration • owned US Steel; based in PA • offered stock to his employees; encouraged competition among employees to get more/better products

17. John D. Rockefeller • ran Standard Oil; controlled 90% of nation’s oil production by 1880 • created a monopoly by creating a trust (buying out competitor’s stock) • Sherman Anti-Trust Act: passed 1890 as a reaction to the rapid rise of big business; made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with trade

18. Beliefs & Reaction • social Darwinism: there will always be rich & poor; don’t punish the rich for their hard work • laissez-faire policies: restricted gov’t involvement in business & allowed large corporations to thrive • Gospel of Wealth: rich have a moral obligation to help the less fortunate • inventions & jobs should have improved standard of living, but didn’t

24. Proof of Learning 3/13 • When did corporations begin to be powerful in the US? • How did social Darwinism justify laissez-faire government policies? • Name the 2 biggest monopolists of this time AND the companies they ran. • How did vertical integration lead to the growth of industry? Horizontal integration?

25. Populism Standard 4.4

26. Farmers’ Problems • mechanization led to overproduction • greater supply drove prices down • farmers couldn’t pay bills

27. The Grange • social organization for farmers; eased the loneliness of life on the plains • also educated farmers on efficient farming techniques • became a political voice for farmers

28. The Railroads • farmers blamed it for hardships; charged high prices to ship goods • state legislatures passed “Granger laws” to regulate prices for transport & storage; upheld by Munn vs. Illinois for intrastate trade only • Interstate Commerce Act: set federal govt as regulator of trade between the states

29. Money Problems • money lost value (deflation); couldn’t buy as much or pay off bills • less money in circulation • farmers wanted to expand money supply (free silver); would inflate prices and allow farmers to make more money; banks opposed this • many farmers foreclosed; moved east to factory jobs

30. Populist Party • grew out of Farmers’ Alliances; segregated to prevent blacks & whites cooperating • platform: regulation of RR, free coinage of silver, direct election of Senators, secret ballot, graduated income tax, 8-hour workday, immigration restrictions • no national office-holders; many state-level officials (Senators, governors, state legislators); nation not ready for reforms

31. Election of 1896 • Will govt protect bankers & businessmen OR farmers & workers? • William Jennings Bryan: Dem. & Pop. nominee from NE; famous for “Cross of Gold” speech regarding bimetallism • William McKinley: Rep. nominee from OH; campaigned from his front porch • McKinley won b/c workers feared food prices would rise under Bryan

33. Proof of Learning 3/14 or 3/15 • What were 2 purposes for the Grange? • How is intrastate trade different from interstate trade? Who regulates each? • How would an expanded money supply have helped farmers? • Why was McKinley able to win easily in 1896? What was strange about his campaign? • Which Populist reform would have affected you the most? Why?

34. The Rise of Labor Unions Standard 4.4

35. What are unions? • groups formed by workers to protect themselves • wanted better pay, shorter working hours, better conditions • skilled workers & Americans saw need for protection against immigrants

36. Why did unions arise? • deplorable working conditions • unskilled workers taking over; result of mass production • low pay ($500/year in 1890) • immigrants & black migration to northern factories

37. Early Unions • National Labor Union: est. 1860’s; fought for 8-hour day; whites only • Colored National Labor Union: response to segregation of NLU • Knights of Labor: est. 1870’s by Samuel Gompers; open to all races, skill levels, both genders • American Federation of Labor: est. 1890’s; organized through skilled craft unions; favored collective bargaining

38. Strikes • workers walked off the job; met w/limited success due to many workers ready to take their place • management hired scabs during strikes; issued yellow dog contracts to restrict union membership; blacklisted troublemakers

39. Notable Strikes • Railroad Strike: 1877; protesting 2nd wage cut in 2 months; federal troops called in b/c commerce interrupted; union membership rose • Pullman Strike: 1894; workers laid off or paid 25-50% less but rent stayed same; govt applied Sherman Antitrust Act to unions • Haymarket incident: May 1886; 3,000 workers gathered in Chicago to protest police brutality; someone threw a bomb; unions lost credibility; came to be seen as socialists/anarchists; end of K of L

40. The Haymarket Riot

41. More events/groups • Industrial Workers of the World: known as the Wobblies; advocated overthrow of capitalism • Children’s March: led by Mother Jones in 1903; led 80 children to Teddy Roosevelt’s home; all were factory workers, many with ugly injuries • Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire

42. Proof of Learning 3/19 • What 3 things did unions want for their members? • In what 2 ways were unions segregated? • How did management attempt to limit the effectiveness of unions? • Why did the Haymarket incident mark the end of the Knights of Labor? • Are unions necessary &/or useful? Explain your answer.