1 / 37

O. Prorocentrales

Dinoflagellate orders with toxic/harmful representatives. O. Prorocentrales. O. Gymnodiniales. O. Dinophysiales. K. Tangen. Dinophysis. Prorocentrum. Karenia. O. Peridinales. O. Noctilucales. O. Dinamoebiales. Pfisteria. Protoceratium. Noctiluca.

kim-jones
Download Presentation

O. Prorocentrales

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Dinoflagellate orders with toxic/harmful representatives O. Prorocentrales O. Gymnodiniales O. Dinophysiales K. Tangen Dinophysis Prorocentrum Karenia O. Peridinales O. Noctilucales O. Dinamoebiales Pfisteria Protoceratium Noctiluca

  2. Toxins in dinoflagellatesthat accumulate in mussels, fish, birds and mammals, and are toxic to humans (or mice) Based on symptoms PSP=Paralytic shellfish poisoning DSP=Diarrheic shellfish poisoning NSP=Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning CFP=Ciguatera fish poisoning Based on chemistry Saxitoxin group (PSP) Okadaic acid group (DSP) Pectenotoxin group Yessotoxin group Brevetoxin group (NSP) Azaspiracid group (AZP) Cyclic imine group

  3. PSP - Paralytic shellfish poisoning Acute symptoms: Diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, tingling sensation, respiratory and muscular paralysis Mechanisms: Na+ Ca2 channel blocker Duration: Days Incubation time: 5-30 min Poisoning: About 2500 reported cases before 1993, 1-14% death rate. Some lighter cases in Norway, no mortalities.

  4. DSP -Diarrheic shellfish poisoning Incubation: 30 min-12h Acute symptoms: Gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain), headache. Chronic: tumour promotion? Mechanisms: Phosphatase inhibitor Duration: Days Poisoning: Many thousands of cases in Europe, Asia and Australia/New Zealand. Similar symptoms to bacterial infection. No mortalities.

  5. NSP- Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning Toxins may accumulate in clams and cause massive death of fish, birds, calms and may harm mammals. Aerosols occur. Symptomer: Similar to PSP symptoms Mechanisms: Neurotoxic, Na+-channel activator (Åpner Na+-kanaler og depolariserer hvilepotensialet i nerveceller). Aerosol-exposure may cause respiratory problems Distribution: In the Gulf of Mexico, Florida and North Carolina. Detected in New Zealand.

  6. Related to consumption of tropical and subtropical marine fish (e.g. barracuda, red snapper, grouper) from some coral reef areas Incubation: > 24h Symptoms: gastrointestinal symptoms, neurotoxic, reversal of hot and cold sensation Mechanism: Na+ and Ca2+ channel activators Poisoning: More than 50 000 persons estimated to be poisoned every year. 0.1-12% death rate, normally not deadly, cause long term ill effects Ciguatera fish poisoning

  7. Acute phase: diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, weekness, low heart rate and blood pressure Post-acute phase: muscle pain, tired, headache, reversal of temperature sensation Chronic phase: Ataxia (balance), problems with focussing, anguish, depression, sensitivity to wine and acetic acid Tropical distribution, especially common in French Polynesia, increasingly common in the Gulf of Mexico Symptoms and history of illness

  8. Toxin production in dinoflagellates • PSP (saxitoxins) paralytic toxins Alexandrium • DSP (ocadaic acid) diarrhoetic toxins Dinophysis, Prorocentrum lima • NSP (brevetoxins) neuro toxins Karenia brevis • PTX pectenotoxins Dinophysis • YTX yessotoxins Protoceratium reticulatum, Lingulodinium polyedrum • spirolids (cyclic imine) Alexandrium ostenfeldii • AZP azaspiracid DSP symptomes not Protoperidinium crassipes , small thecate • ichthyotoxins Karenia, Karlodinium • CFP ciguatera fish poisioning Gambierdiscus toxicus

  9. LM-graph Orden Gymnodiniales - “naked” Karenia mikimotoi(Miyake & Kominami ex Oda) Hansen & Moestrupsyn. Gymnodinium mikimotoisyn. Gymnodinium nagasakiensesyn Gyrodinium cf. aureolum i europeiske farvann produce ichthyotoxins SEM-graph

  10. Karenia brevis(Davis) G.Hansen & Moestrup Syn. Gymnodinium breve Syn. Ptychodiscus brevis Produce NSP-toxins

  11. Karlodinium veneficum Syn. Karlodinium micrum,Gymnodinium galatheanum produce ichthyotoxins

  12. orden Prorocentrales • Prorocentrum limaDSP toxin

  13. orden Dinophysiales Dinophysis spp. Okadaic acid Pectenotoxins Venstre sulcuslist Dinophysis rotundata Dinophysis acuta

  14. Dinophysis - diversity Okadaic acid – cause DSP Pectenotoxins – do not cause DSP in humans

  15. Dinophysis-bloom, Southern coast of Norway

  16. Plate formulas • Kofoidian system for plate numbering • Plate formulas • Essential plates • Practical application

  17. Plate formulasthe number of plates of each type is genus specific Po, x - at apex ’ – apical plates touch apex a – intercalar plates of epitheca ’’ – precingular plates touch cingulum c – cingulum plates s – sulcus plates ’’’ – postcingular plates touch cingulum p – intercalar plates of hypotheca ’’’’ – antapical plates at antapex epitheca hypotheca

  18. Alexandrium-arter Plate formula; Po, 4’, 0a, 6’’, 6c, 9(10), 5’’’,2’’’’

  19. Order Peridiniales Alexandrium Plateformula Po, 4’, 0a, 6’’, 6c, 9(10)s, 5’’’, 2’’’’ Essential plates; 1 apical, 6 pre-cingular

  20. Alexandrium minutum

  21. Alexandrium minutum PSP-toxins (saxitoxins)

  22. stained with calcofluor white, observed in fluorescence microscope Produce spirolids (cyclic imine group), no evidence for effects on humans

  23. Alexandrium tamarense

  24. PSP-toxines (Saxitoxins)

  25. Po, 4’, 0a, 6’’, 6c, 9(10), 5’’’,2’’’’ Po, 3’, 3a, 6’’, 6c, 7s, 6’’’, 2’’’’

  26. Lingulodinium polyedrum(Stein) Dodge Syn. Gonyaulax polyedra Po, 3’, 3a, 6’’, 6c, 7s, 6’’’, 2’’’’ cyste – hvilespore YTX-toxins (yessotoxin) – (do not cause DSP in humans) cyst SEM-graphs E. Beckstrøm LM.graph – B. Dale UiO

  27. Plate formula Protoceratium; Po, 3’, 0a, 6’’, 6c, 6s, 6’’’, 2’’’’ Protoceratium reticulatum (Claparède & Lachmann) Bütschli Syn. Gonyaulax grindleyi YTX-toxins (yessotoxin) – (do not cause DSP in humans) Large and very reticulated plates

  28. Protoperidinium crassipes (Kofoid) Balech syn Peridinium crassipes Kofoid Not the causative organism AZP (azaspirazid) – symptoms similar to DSP New small thecate that is in the process of being formally described has been shown to produce AZP

  29. orden Noctilucales Toxic? Noctiluca scintillans(Macartney) Kofoid & Swezy Acumulates ammonium and may harm fish cellevakuole med stort ammoniuminnhold gir flyteevne

  30. Noctiluca scintillans

  31. orden Dinamoebales • Genus with toxic species • PfiesteriaSteidinger & Burkholder • Pfiesteria piscicidaSteidinger & Burkholder • Pfiesteria shumwayaeGlasgow & Burkholder • Both species known from sediments in Norway • (brackish water, Sandvikselva, Oslofjorden)

  32. Pfiesteria piscicida • toxic • ”flesh eating” Peduncle for feeding Plate sutures after staining with calcofluor white with Fluorescence microscopy

  33. Plateformula P. piscicida • Po, cp, X,4’,1a, 5’’,6c,4s, 5’’’,2’’’’ P. shumwayae • Po, cp, X,6’,1a, 5’’,6c,4s, 5’’’,2’’’’ triangulær rektangulær

  34. Pfiesteria piscicidaPfiesteriashumwayae etter HAB 2003

  35. foreslått livssyklus hos P. piscicida planozygote zoospore TOX A zoospore TOX B hypnozygote

More Related