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R eservoir Engineering Aspects and Forecasting of Well Performance in Unconventional Resources

This presentation discusses the aspects of reservoir engineering and forecasting techniques for well performance in unconventional resources. It covers topics such as time-rate analysis, flowback analysis, interpretation of time-rate-pressure performance, and correlation of well performance data. The speaker, Tom Blasingame, is a professor at Texas A&M University and has extensive experience in the field.

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R eservoir Engineering Aspects and Forecasting of Well Performance in Unconventional Resources

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  1. SPEE Presentation 02 May 2019 | Brookhaven College, Farmer's Branch, TX Reservoir Engineering Aspects and Forecasting of Well Performance in Unconventional Resources Tom BLASINGAME Petroleum Engineering Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843-3116 (USA) +1.979.845.2292 — t-blasingame@tamu.edu SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group 2017 Reservoir Technology Forum

  2. Brief Biography — Tom Blasingame • Who am I? • Professor, Texas A&M U. • B.S., M.S., & Ph.D. from Texas A&M U. • Counts: (May 2019) • 14 Ph.D. Graduates • 67 M.S. (thesis)/34 M.Eng. (report) Graduates • Over 160 Technical Articles • Historical Technical Contributions: • (1990's) Material Balance DCA ("Rate Transient Analysis" (or RTA)) [global standard] • (1990's) Analysis of Water-Oil-Ratio (WOR) Behavior [theoretical approach] • (1990's) Direct Estimation of pavg from Pressure Buildup Tests [theoretical approach] • (2000's) Pressure Integral and "Beta" Derivative [led to PTA and RTA methodologies] • (2010's) Diagnostic Analysis of Time-Rate Data (i.e., the qDb-plot) [evolving standard] • (career) Correlations for Rock and Fluid Properties [rg & mg are global standards] • (career) Deconvolution Methods (approximate, direct, and numerical) [several methods] • Research Interests: (2019) • Time-Rate Analysis (Models & Diagnostics) [unconventional reservoirs] • Early-Time "Flowback" Analysis/Interpretation [unconventional reservoirs] • Interpretation/Analysis of Time-Rate-Pressure Performance [unconventional reservoirs] • Parametric/Non-Parametric Correlation of Well Performance Data [various applications] • Numerical Analysis/Interpretation Techniques for Data [various applications] [2012] [2019] (visa photo) [self image] [how others see me]

  3. SPEE Presentation 02 May 2019 | Brookhaven College, Farmer's Branch, TX Reservoir Engineering Aspects and Forecasting of Well Performance in Unconventional Resources Start-Up Tom BLASINGAME Petroleum Engineering Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843-3116 (USA) +1.979.845.2292 — t-blasingame@tamu.edu SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group 2017 Reservoir Technology Forum

  4. Years to mainstream adoption: < 2 years 2 to 5 years 5 to 10 years Joint Venture Funding Multi- Fracture Horizontal Wells Start-Up — "Progression Cycle" for Unconventional Resources (Gartner Hype Cycles) Visibility High IP/ High EUR "On Demand" High Gas Prices Acreage Consolidation (Acquisitions) Strong Oil Prices (Liquids-Rich Systems) Decarbonization Early Completion Optimization (Fluid Types/ Stage Placement/ Proppant/etc.) Microseismic Monitoring Seismic Exploration Proximity to Domestic Market High Acquisition Costs Multi-Well Pad Development Late Completion Optimization (Very Large Treatments) Low Gas Prices Reservoir Sweet-Spotting (Intensive Well Targeting — Vertically And Laterally) Stakeholder Concerns Reservoir Modeling Sweet-Spot Identification (Statistical Plays) Water Management Time Peak of Inflated Expectations Creator: T.A. Blasingame Created: 2012.01.03 Last Revised: 2017.02.15 Technology Trigger Trough of Disillusionment Slope of Enlightenment Plateau of Productivity • Discussion: • "Progression Cycle" plots are often used to illustrate "product" development. • There is (almost) always a "hype" point for a new technology, then reality sets in. • The perception early on in unconventional development is that IP correlates with EUR. • Unconventional gas was the starting point, liquids-rich systems are the value multiplier.

  5. Start-Up — Crowd-Sourcing Exercise for Unconventionals (08-09 Oct 2017) Most Urgent Technical Challenges: Completion optimization for enhanced hydrocarbon recovery. Quantitative description of heterogeneity. Should we care about the rock permeability? Increasing water-production/WOR and increasing GOR with time. Parent-child relationship — depletion impacts on the child well. Most Important Technical Challenges: Improving average EUR and productivity. Multiphase flow at multiple scale of pores/fractures [or GOR(t)]. Placement of wells/clusters/stages for optimal EUR/recovery. Oil sweet-spot characterization for infill drilling. EOR technologies for tight oil reservoirs. Impact/importance of artificial lift selection and operations. Validity of EUR’s using 30/60/90-days of production data? Relating the Present with the Past: Can we/do we obtain consistent results from data analytics? Improvements in rock characterization, fracturing, and production. Microseismic needs more fundamental work (happening now?). Economics, disruptive changes, etc. versus the "herd mentality." Data/Information Needed and Will be Needed: Distributed pressure and temperature measurements. High accuracy bottomhole pressure measurements in every well. Reservoir simulation as a reliable technology (for SEC). Continuous and accurate well flowrate measurements. Need an industry/academia data repository. Detailed geochemical mapping of intervals to SRV. Need more deployments of intelligent field technologies. Well F = Parent Well "Map View" — Well F is the parent well (C-D-E-F-G-H group). Final history match of the stress field. Xu, T., Lindsay, G., Baihly, J., Malpani, R., Ejofodomi, E., & Shan, D. (2017, July 24). Unique Multidisciplinary Approach to Model and Optimize Pad Refracturing in the Haynesville Shale. 2017 Unconventional Resources Technology Conference.

  6. SPEE Presentation 02 May 2019 | Brookhaven College, Farmer's Branch, TX Reservoir Engineering Aspects and Forecasting of Well Performance in Unconventional Resources Historical Aspects Tom BLASINGAME Petroleum Engineering Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843-3116 (USA) +1.979.845.2292 — t-blasingame@tamu.edu SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group 2017 Reservoir Technology Forum

  7. Historical Aspects — ANCIENT History (Jones) Loss Ratio: (D-parameter) Derivative of Loss Ratio: (b-factor) Example: • Early Example — Johnson/Bollens (1928) Johnson, R.H. and Bollens, A.L.: "The Loss Ratio Method of Extrapolating Oil Well Decline Curves," Trans. AIME (1927) 77, 771. Historical Analysis: Johnson/Bollens (1928) • Johnson and Bollens proposed a plot of the loss ratio versus time. • A linear plot of loss ratio versus time implies that b(t) = constant (hyperbolic decline). • A constant loss ratio versus time implies that b(t) = 0 (exponential decline).

  8. Historical Aspects — ANCIENT History (Jones) • Jones, P.J.: "Estimating Oil Reserves from Production-Decline Rates," Oil and Gas Jour. (Aug. 20, 1942) 43. Changing b-parameter (power-law exponential) Constant b-parameter (hyperbolic) Power-law trend of D-parameter data Power-Law Exponential: (2008) Fig. 37 — Variable rate of decline. Historical Analysis: Jones (1942) • Log[decline rate] versus log [time] validates the power-law exponential concept. • Jones saw that this function had relevance, but did not demonstrate the approach. • Interesting that this was 66 years before the PLE relation was observed.

  9. Historical Aspects — Blasingame — Rate Transient Analysis Fetkovich Decline Type Curve — Arps Stems. Fetkovich Decline Type Curve — Analytical Stems. Fetkovich Decline Type Curve — Composite Curve (original curve). Fetkovich Decline Type Curve — Example (Well 13 — SPE 004629).

  10. Historical Aspects — Blasingame — Rate Transient Analysis a. "History Plot" — Gas rate and computed bottomhole pressures. b. "Edit Plot" — Gas productivity Index and gas material balance pseudotime, edited data are shown as open symbols (circa 1998). c. "WPA Plot" — (original RTA) Unfractured well model. d. "WPA Plot" — (original RTA) Fractured well model (infinite conductivity case). Creator: T.A. Blasingame Created: ~1998.04.01 • Discussion: • Barnett Shale example case (surface rates/computed bottomhole pressures, vertical well). • "Data Edit" plot is actually a diagnostic plot (note trends). • WPA (RTA) type curve matches for an unfractured well and a fractured well. • This was the starting point for "modern" unconventional oil and gas development.

  11. SPEE Presentation 02 May 2019 | Brookhaven College, Farmer's Branch, TX Reservoir Engineering Aspects and Forecasting of Well Performance in Unconventional Resources Linear Flow Analysis? Tom BLASINGAME Petroleum Engineering Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843-3116 (USA) +1.979.845.2292 — t-blasingame@tamu.edu SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group 2017 Reservoir Technology Forum

  12. (Formation) Linear Flow — Theory (q/Dp form) Solution for a Single Fracture: (transient linear flow) Solving for flowrate divided by pressure drop, we have … Note: These solutions are only valid for transient linear flow [i.e., the case of non-interfering pressure distributions (due to the fractures)]. Additive Fractures: (transient linear flow) + + + →

  13. (Formation)Linear Flow — Dp/q versus SQRT[t] Plot • Formation Linear Flow: (t = t or tmb (material balance time)) • Log-log diagnostic plot: log[Dp/q] versus log[t ] (slope = -1:2) • "Traditional" plot:Dp/qversus SQRT[t] (straight-line portion) • Extrapolation of rate using a linear flow model will over-predict EUR… • Governing Relation: Deviation from Linear Flow Apparent 1/1 slope (most likely liquid-loading) 1 Deviation from Linear Flow Region 1 1 2 Log[Reciprocal Productivity Index] melf Reciprocal Productivity Index Linear Flow Region (1/2 slope) Linear Flow Region Log[Material Balance Time] Square Root of Material Balance Time b.(Square root plot): Reciprocal productivity index versus square root of material balance time, multiple wells. a. (Log-log plot): Reciprocal productivity index versus material balance time, multiple wells.

  14. (Formation)Linear Flow — Multi-Fractured Horizontal Wells Transient Linear Flow Relation: Use of Hyperbolic Flow Relation to Represent Transient Linear Flow: Creator: T.A. Blasingame Created: ~2017 Discussion: • MFHW model is the "master" solution for unconventional wells. • Diagnostics can be obscured by clean-up and liquid-loading. • Very significant time involved for observing a particular flow regime (k = 50 nd).

  15. SPEE Presentation 02 May 2019 | Brookhaven College, Farmer's Branch, TX Reservoir Engineering Aspects and Forecasting of Well Performance in Unconventional Resources Time-Rate Thoughts Tom BLASINGAME Petroleum Engineering Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843-3116 (USA) +1.979.845.2292 — t-blasingame@tamu.edu SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group 2017 Reservoir Technology Forum

  16. Time-Rate Analysis — Suite of Plots — Shale Gas Example Slope = 1:1 b = 2 b = 1 qg versus tD-parameter versus time b-parameter versus time Slope = 1:2 Slope = 1:2 Dp/qgversus Gp/qgqg/Dp versus Gp/qgDp/qgversus SQRT(t) Discussion: • Basic diagnostic suite of plots. • D(t) and b(t) plots are critical for understanding time-rate behavior. • SQRT(t) plots can be deceptive. (i.e., we see what we want to see)

  17. Time-Rate Analysis — D(t) and b(t) Diagnostics — b(t) Play-by-Play Creator: D. Ilk Created: ~2017 b = 2 b = 1 b = 2 b = 1 b = 2 b = 1 Discussion: • A constant "b(t)" value is unlikely for more than just a few months. • Decline in "b(t)" in some/most cases, behavior can be considered "power-law." • Conceptually, this decline in "b(t)" can be used to predict EUR(t).

  18. Time-Rate Analysis — Continuous EUR Creator: D. Ilk Created: ~2017 "b(t) vs. time" — decline exponent versus time (note segments). "bvs. time" —b-value constant for a given section. "qo(t) vs. cumulative oil" — note the extrapolated trends. "EUR vs. time" —EUR presented versus time for a given segment. • Discussion: • Illustration of changing EUR as a function of time due to changing decline exponent (b). • b(t) data are (relatively) well-behaved, selected constant b-values for a given segment. • Declining EUR with time is characteristic of the declining b(t) function with time.

  19. SPEE Presentation 02 May 2019 | Brookhaven College, Farmer's Branch, TX Reservoir Engineering Aspects and Forecasting of Well Performance in Unconventional Resources Time-Rate Models Tom BLASINGAME Petroleum Engineering Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843-3116 (USA) +1.979.845.2292 — t-blasingame@tamu.edu SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group 2017 Reservoir Technology Forum

  20. Work Path — Analysis of Well Performance Time- Rate- Pressure Time- Rate Reservoir Model Reservoir Fluids Geomodel Completions Production Rates Rates Rates Pressure Pressure Time Time Time Time Time • Model: Time-Rate-Pressure • Basis: Analytical/Numerical • Predictions • EUR/SRV • Estimate Properties • Time: ~1 hour/well • Model: Time-Rate-Pressure • Basis: Full Numerical • Predictions • EUR/SRV • Flow Mechanisms • Time: Days to weeks/well • Model: Time-Rate • Basis: Proxy model • Predictions • EUR • Correlations • Time: Minutes/well Creator: T.A. Blasingame Created: 2015

  21. Time-Rate Models — Modified-Hyperbolic Relation Modified-Hyperbolic Rate Relation: Slope = 1:2 Linear Flow (b = 2) b = 2

  22. Time-Rate Models — Power-Law Exponential Relation Power-Law Exponential Rate Relation: Decline Function: D(t) Hyperbolic Function: b(t) Ilk, D., Rushing, J. A., Perego, A. D., and Blasingame, T. A. (2008) Exponential vs. Hyperbolic Decline in Tight Gas Sands: Understanding the Origin and Implications for Reserve Estimates Using Arps Decline Curves. Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi:10.2118/116731-MS Ilk, D., Perego, A. D., Rushing, J. A., and Blasingame, T. A. (2008) Integrating Multiple Production Analysis Techniques To Assess Tight Gas Sand Reserves: Defining a New Paradigm for Industry Best Practices. Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi:10.2118/114947-MS x

  23. SPEE Presentation 02 May 2019 | Brookhaven College, Farmer's Branch, TX Reservoir Engineering Aspects and Forecasting of Well Performance in Unconventional Resources Other Thoughts on Reservoir Configurations Tom BLASINGAME Petroleum Engineering Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843-3116 (USA) +1.979.845.2292 — t-blasingame@tamu.edu SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group 2017 Reservoir Technology Forum

  24. Other Thoughts on Reservoir Configurations— Olorode (SPE 152482) • Discussion: • Reduction from linear flow (half-slope) for CfD,SecFrac < 10. • Model trends are also observed in field data. • Secondary fracture concept may be useful in optimizing fracture design.

  25. Other Thoughts on Reservoir Configurations— Mhiri (TAMU 2014) Sample random-walk fracture pattern cases. 3-D rendering. • Discussion: • After a random number steps, the fractures may bifurcate (split). • b-derivative of the mass flowrate is the diagnostic function. • b-derivative is 0.55 (mono-branch) and 0.70 (quad-branch) for the cases.

  26. Other Thoughts on Reservoir Configurations— Stimulation "You only produce from what you fracture …"Anonymous Individual Fractures fromIndividual Perforation Clusters Complex Fractures fromIndividual Perforation Clusters • Discussion: • SRV (Stimulated Reservoir Volume) • Build Complexity → Slickwater • Build Conductivity → Hybrid/Gel • Future Stimulation Challenges: • "Rubble-ize" the reservoir? • "Pulverize" the reservoir? • Do this with little or no water? Project Rulison (1971)Stimulation using Atomic Weapons

  27. Other Thoughts on Reservoir Configurations—Broussard(TAMU 2013) • Geometry: (radial composite system) • Composite, cylinder consists of two regions: • Inner region is stimulated (k = power-law function). • Outer region is unstimulated and homogeneous. • Horizontal well centered in a cylindrical volume. • Wellbore spans the entire length of the reservoir. • Radial flow only. xf= rs= 50 ft, wkf = 10 md-ft xf= rs= 25 ft, wkf = 10 md-ft Performance of radial composite system very similar to that for a multi-fracture horizontal well solution.

  28. SPEE Presentation 02 May 2019 | Brookhaven College, Farmer's Branch, TX Reservoir Engineering Aspects and Forecasting of Well Performance in Unconventional Resources Reservoir Pressure Tom BLASINGAME Petroleum Engineering Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843-3116 (USA) +1.979.845.2292 — t-blasingame@tamu.edu SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group 2017 Reservoir Technology Forum

  29. Reservoir Pressure — (pwf)meas vs. Time, Multi-Well Interference (Source: SPE 178608) • Scott, K. D., Chu, W.-C., and Flumerfelt, R. W. (2015) Application of Real-Time Bottom-Hole Pressure to Improve Field Development Strategies in the Midland Basin Wolfcamp Shale. Unconventional Resources Technology Conference. doi:10.15530/URTEC-2015-2154675

  30. Reservoir Pressure — PTA Cases in Bakken (Oil Shale) [SPE 162473 (Kurtoglu)] [1:3 slope] [≈2:5 slope] • Kurtoglu, B., Torcuk, M.A., & Kazemi, H. (2012) Pressure Transient Analyses of Short and Long Duration Well Tests in Uncon-ventional Reservoirs. Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi:10.2118/162473-MS.

  31. Reservoir Pressure — Quantifying Pressure Interference [SPE 191407 (Chu)] • Concept: The higher the Dp/(2Dp') value, the higher the "connectivity" between wells. • Pressure response due to Well 3H • being "put-on-production" (or POP'd). • Chow Pressure Group (pressure derivative function) • For all for 4 wells due to Well 3H being "POP'd." • Pressure interference response in Well 4H. Pressure interference response in Well 6H. Pressure interference response in Well 5H. • (due to Well 3H POP) (due to Well 3H POP) (due to Well 3H POP) • Chu, W., Scott, K., Flumerfelt, R., & Chen, C.-C. (2018) A New Technique for Quanti-fying Pressure Interference in Fractured Horizontal Shale Wells. Society of Petro-leum Engineering doi:10.2118/191407-MS

  32. SPEE Presentation 02 May 2019 | Brookhaven College, Farmer's Branch, TX Reservoir Engineering Aspects and Forecasting of Well Performance in Unconventional Resources Time-Rate Analysis — A Few Parting Thoughts... Tom BLASINGAME Petroleum Engineering Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843-3116 (USA) +1.979.845.2292 — t-blasingame@tamu.edu SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group 2017 Reservoir Technology Forum

  33. Time-Rate Analysis — A Few Parting Thoughts...(1 of 5) You are tasked with creating your own time-rate model... Conceptually, where do you start? Logarithm of Rate Time

  34. Time-Rate Analysis — A Few Parting Thoughts...(2 of 5) You are tasked with creating your own time-rate model... Now What? Logarithm of Rate Time

  35. Time-Rate Analysis — A Few Parting Thoughts...(3 of 5) You are tasked with creating your own time-rate model... Grrrrhhh Logarithm of Rate Time

  36. Time-Rate Analysis — A Few Parting Thoughts...(4 of 5) You are tasked with creating your own time-rate model... Approximate by a sum of exponentials? Logarithm of Rate Time

  37. Time-Rate Analysis — A Few Parting Thoughts...(5 of 5) You are tasked with creating your own time-rate model... Approximate by a sum of exponentials? Logarithm of Rate • Questions: • So what? (my favorite question) • What do D(t) and b(t) look like? (you can't just consider q(t)). • What are the physics behind (any) proposed model? • Comments: • You must be prepared to consider q(t), D(t), and b(t). • This is a simplistic example, but you must think about what (if any) theory exists... • What is the objective of any/all extrapolation models? (... consistency) Time

  38. SPEE Presentation 02 May 2019 | Brookhaven College, Farmer's Branch, TX Reservoir Engineering Aspects and Forecasting of Well Performance in Unconventional Resources End of Presentation Tom BLASINGAME Petroleum Engineering Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843-3116 (USA) +1.979.845.2292 — t-blasingame@tamu.edu SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group 2017 Reservoir Technology Forum

  39. SPEE Presentation 02 May 2019 | Brookhaven College, Farmer's Branch, TX Reservoir Engineering Aspects and Forecasting of Well Performance in Unconventional Resources Something Extra Tom BLASINGAME Petroleum Engineering Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843-3116 (USA) +1.979.845.2292 — t-blasingame@tamu.edu SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group 2017 Reservoir Technology Forum

  40. Personal Mementos — Tom Blasingame Napkin Art (drawn on recent flights) Marriage Counseling (New Zealand) December in College Station My Favorite Place/My Best Friends My Other Job (as a Potato Picker (NZ)) My Proudest Professional Achievement Family in "Hobbiton" View from Our NZ Home

  41. Professional Biography — Tom Blasingame • Tom Blasingame is a Professor and is the holder of the Robert L. Whiting Professorship in the Department of Petroleum Engineering at Texas A&M University in College Station Texas. He holds B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees from Texas A&M University — all in Petroleum Engineering. In teaching and research activities Blasingame focuses on petrophysics, reservoir engineering, analysis/interpretation of well performance, unconventional resources, and technical mathematics. • Blasingame's research efforts deal with topics in applied reservoir engineering, reservoir modeling, and production engineering. Blasingame has made numerous contributions to the petroleum literature in well test analysis, analysis of production data, reservoir management, evaluation of low/ultra-low permeability reservoirs, and general reservoir engineering (e.g., hydrocarbon phase behavior, natural gas engineering, inflow performance relations, material balance methods, and field studies). To date (May 2019), Blasingame has graduated 67 M.S. (thesis), 34 M.Eng. (report, non-thesis), and 14 Ph.D. students, and he has performed several major field studies involving geology, petrophysics, and engineering tasks. • Blasingame is a member of the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE), the Society for Exploration Geophysicists (SEG) and the American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG). Blasingame is a Distinguished Member of the Society of Petroleum Engineers (2000) and he is a recipient of the SPE Distinguished Service Award (2005), the SPE Uren Award (for technology contributions before age 45) (2006), the SPE Lucas Medal (SPE's preeminent technical award) (2012), the SPE DeGolyer Distinguished Service Medal (2013), the SPE Distinguished Achievement Award for Petroleum Engineering Faculty (2014), and SPE Honorary Membership (2015). Blasingame has served as an SPE Distinguished Lecturer (2005-2006) and was the SPE Technical Director for Reservoir (2015-2018). Blasingame has prepared approximately 160 technical articles; and he has chaired numerous technical committees and technical meetings. Blasingame also served as Assistant Department Head (Graduate Programs) for the Department of Petroleum Engineering at Texas A&M from 1997 to 2003, and Blasingame has been recognized with several teaching and service awards from Texas A&M University.

  42. Current Students — Tom Blasingame • M.S. Projects: (start-up/active/closure) • AnatraksakulTransformational Decomposition Model for MF Horizontal Wells (active) • Anno Project TBD(coursework) • Bryan Mechanistic Model Validation for DCA in Uncon. Reservoirs (active) • Chingulprasan Laplace Transform Data Methods (closure) • FonsecaNon-Parametric Correlation of Well Performance Data (active) • Fulford Deconvolution using Bayesian Graphical Models (active) • Gorditsa Mechanistic Model Validation for DCA in Unconventional Reservoirs (active) • Jin Rate Transient Analysis in Unconventional Tight-Oil Reservoirs (active) • Nguyen Pressure Transient Analysis in Shales (start-up) • PradhanWell Spacing Optimization using Production & Pressure Data (start-up) • Ph.D. Projects: (start-up/active/closure) • Garcia Mechanistic Behavior for GOR in Unconventional Reservoirs (active) • Kou Dynamic Modeling of Proppant Transport in Fractures (active) • Moridis Reserves, A&D, and Assessment of Unconventional Reservoirs (active) • Perez-ValdezFractured Horizontal Wells in Fractal Reservoirs (closed) • M.Eng. Students: (those actively engaged and/or working on projects) • Newberry Regional Evaluation of Delaware Basin (Wolfcamp)(closure) • Pinmentel Extraction of Elemental Lithium from Produced Waters (active) • White Completion Aspects of Well Performance (Delaware Basin) (2019)

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