Multi-Ethnic States

1. Multi-Ethnic States A Focus on the Interaction Between Ethnic Groups, Nations and States

2. Primary Ethnic Groups consider themselves/are considered indigenous inhabitants of a territory (ie. English in England, Maori in NZ, Zulus in KwaZulu-Natal, Malays in Malaysia) Secondary Ethnic Groups consider themselves/are considered to be indigenous to another territory (British-Pakistanis, Irish-Americans, Chinese in Indonesia) Primary & Secondary Ethnic Groups

4. Nation • An integrated community of shared territory, history and civic culture

5. Ethnic, National, or State? • A group can be ethnic but not national (ie. Pre-modern ethnic groups, Jews in England) • A group can be BOTH ethnic and national (ie. Welsh in Wales) • A group can be ethnic, national, and possess its own state (ie. Japanese)

6. Multi-Ethnic States • States which contain more than one ethnic group (ie. Russian Federation)

7. Multi-Ethnic States • In 1972, a survey of 132 states found: • 9% ethnically homogeneous, 91% were multi-ethnic states • 19% contain one majority ethnic group accounting for 90% or more of the population (I.e. Japan, Portugal) • 19% contain an ethnic group accounting for 75-89% of the population (I.e. Germany, New Zealand) • 24% have an ethnic majority of 50-74% (I.e. France) • 30% of states contain a majority group that makes up less than half of the population (I.e. Canada, USA)

8. Source: Vanhanen 1999

9. The Formation of Multi-Ethnic States • Multi-ethnic states often formed along trade routes or frontier zones: I.e. Lebanon, Caucasus, Kashmir, Switzerland • Rough Terrain • Finally, imperialism and colonialism tend to generate multi-ethnic states

10. Ethnic Fractionalization (Fearon-Laitin 2003)

11. Largest Ethnic Group % (Vanhanen 1999)

12. Why Are Some African States More Diverse? • Colonial Boundaries only part of the story • Somalia, Botswana v. Tanzania, Nigeria, Liberia • Ecosystem diversity • Slave Trade • Bantu migrations (??) • Age of precolonial state

14. Largest Ethnic Group Percentage and Group Founding Date

15. Largest Ethnic Group Founding Date

16. Largest Ethnic Group Percentage and Group Founding Date

17. Early Medieval Ethnic Founding Date, 400-1100 A.D.

18. State Founding Date (COW)

19. Modernisation • Integration of groups through capitalism and the state • Liberalism: The ideas of freedom, dignity and equality for individuals and groups like ethnies or nations

20. Modernisation and Ethnic/National Consciousness • Modernisation creates and ‘deepens’ state systems • Modernisation stimulates ethnic awareness • Modernisation converts primary ethnic groups into ethnic nations

22. Ethnic conflict within states can take the form of violent nationalist struggle

23. Multi-Ethnic Democracy Ethnic Conflict Can be Contained by Multi-Partisan Goodwill

25. Multi-Ethnic Nations ·        How multi-ethnic nations develop: No primary group in a field because either a) all arrive at once (Mauritius) or b) Ethnic core weakens and redefines national identity inclusively (USA) ·        Difficulty of multiethnic nations to maintain diversity and unity ·        What proportion of the world's nations are multi-ethnic? Few are seriously so. ·        Some nations more multi-ethnic than others, due to level of immigration, power of core to assimilate, simultaneity of arrival

26. Multiple Identities in Multi-Ethnic States Multi-ethnic nations and states give rise to mixtures of ethnic, national and state identities • These identities may compete with each other (Croat v. Yugoslav) • The salience, or power, of each layer of identity can vary (I might put my ethnic, national or state allegiance first) • Identity can vary by context (In Nigeria, In Africa, Outside Africa)

27. Modernisation and Ethnic Separatism? Why • Modernists claim that modernity creates identity, through integration or administrative institutionalism • Perennialists claim that ethnic conflict has a much longer history and that modernity merely energises pre-existing identities