بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

1. بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

2. Mai Mohammed Al-Oqail مي محمد العقيّل Email: maloqail@ksu.edu.sa Site: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/11982

3. Evaluation of crude drugs

4. Crud drugs : • The term crude drug generally applies to the products from plant and animal origin found in a raw form, that have undergone only the processes of collection and drying. However, the term is also applied to include pharmaceutical products from mineral kingdom in original form Natural substances: • 1- Plant origin: leaves, flowers, seeds and barks. Or vegetable saps, extracts and secretions. • 2- Animal origin: whole animals, glands or organs, extracts and secretions.

5. Evaluation of drug means: 1- Identity 2- Quality and Purity Evaluation of crude drug is necessary because of three reasons: 1- Biochemical variation in the drugs 2- Deterioration due treatment and storage 3- Substitution and adulteration, as result of carelessness, ignorance and fraud

6. WHO Guidelines for Herbal Drug Standardization and Evaluation The WHO guidelines for herbal drugs can be summarized as follows:- · Identity of the drug: Botanical evaluation- sensory characters, foreign organic matter, microscopical, histological, histochemical evaluation, quantitative measurements · Physicochemical character of the drug: Physical and chemical identity, chromatographic fingerprints, ash values, extractive values, moisture content, volatile oil and alkaloidalassays,. · Pharmacological parameters, biological activity profiles, bitterness values, hemolytic index, astringency, swelling factor, foaming index etc. · Toxicity details :- pesticide residues, heavy metals, microbial contamination like total viable count, pathogens like E.coli, Salmonalla, P.aeroginosa, S. aureus, Enterobacteria etc. · Microbial contamination. · Radioactive contamination.

7. 1- Identity • Botanical evaluation- sensory characters, foreign organic matter ,microscopical, histological, histochemical evaluation, quantitative measurements • Identity Can be established by actualcollection of the drug from plants → +ve identified. How to determine the origin of the samples: 1- "Drug gardens' established by institutions engaged in pharmacognostical research. 2- Comparing unknown sample with A-Published descriptiondrug • B-Authentic drug samples.

8. A - Organoleptic evaluation Definition: The entire description of official crude drug monographs. =Organs of sense= Macroscopic appearance of drug. • The majority of information on the identity, purity and quality of the material can be drawn from these observations, they are of primary importance before any further testing can be carried out • Authentic specimen of the material under study and samples of pharmacopoeial quality should be available to serve as a reference. • This evaluation procedure provides the simplest and quickest means to establish the identity and purity and thereby ensure quality of a particular sample

9. 1- Shape and size (for entire drugs not powdered). • Flowers: • Floral parts: stigmas, corollas, anther, ovary, receptacle. • Leaves and leaflets: • Length, width, apex, margin, base, venation, • the texture of the leaf and the hairs in upper and lower surface. • The feel of the surface described as soft, hairy smooth. • .

10. The bark: • i- The barks occur in three shapes: • Flat or curved pieces. • Single quill. • Double quills. • ii- Barks have two surfaces, an outer and inner. • iii- The inner surface is usually lighter in color than the outer surface 2- Odor and taste. Odor: 1- distinct 2- indistinct [Depend on the amount of volatile constituents present in drug]. General terms used in describing odor are: 1-aromatic, 2-balsamic, 3- spicy

11. Taste: General terms used in describing taste are: 1- Acid (sour) 2- Saccharine (sweet): indicates sugar or sugar like substances e.g., liquorice. 3- Saline (salty) 4- Alkaline 5- Bitter: indicates presence of substances such as bitter principle e.g., glycoside, alkaloids. 6- Tasteless (all substances insoluble in the salive). 7- Distinctive sensations to the tongue: a- mucilaginous and oily (soft feeling) e.g., linseed. b- astringent (contraction of the tissues of the mouth) indicates presence of tannin. c- pungent (warm biting sensation) e.g., ginger. d- acrid (irritant sensation) e.g., Aconite, coca. e- nauseous (those tending to excite vomiting), Ipeca.

12. 3- Color and external markings. May help in revealing the nature of the herb. 1- White: e.g., starch, flours, gums) 2- Pale yellow (yellowish white) e.g., ginger, squill, white pepper. 3- Deep yellow: e.g., peeled liquorice, calumba, hydrastis. 4- Light pale brown e.g., nuxvomica, fennel, coriander, anise. 5- Dark brown: e.g., cloves. 6- Dark reddish brown: cinchona, nutmeg. 7- Red: Kamala. 8- Pale green e.g., lobelia. 9- Greenish brown: most of the leaf herbs. 4- Fracture and internal color.

13. B - Microscopical evaluation Dealing with microscopic appearance of the herb in sectional view and in powdered form. Microscopical evaluation is useful in the study of: 1- Histologic elements of herbs. • 2-. Detection of adulterant 3- Quantitative microanalysis. • 4- Study of the constituents by application of chemical method to small quantities of powdered drug (called chemo microscopy).

14. Histology: refers to the character and arrangement of these tissues as they are present in the herb. Histologic studies : 1- Very thin transverse (radial) section 2- Longitudinal (tangential)sections(entire organ) Powdered herbs posses very fewmacroscopic features of identification outside of color, odor and taste.

15. Keys For the identification of powdered crude drugs: 1- leaves: a- Trichomes (glandular and nonglandular) b- Crystals of calcium oxalate c- Stomata d- Epidermis cells, palisade, e- Vessels 2- flower: a- Trichomes (glandular and nonglandular) b- Epidermis, stigma, anther. c- Pollen grain d- Volatile oil

16. 3- Fruits and seeds: Starch Aleurone Sclerenchyma Vitta Endocarp Bark & wood: Phloem, xylem Trachedes, Parenchyma, wood Parenchyma Fibers, medullary rays, cork, cambium.

17. In some cases, the drug may have the same diagnostic element, they are known as closely related species. So, microscope is not the method of choice

18. Microscopical numerical value: • It is used to identify closely related species. 1-Microscopical linear measurement Used only in Root Rhizomes Bark E.g1., Different between Cinnamon القرفه السيلانيه as quill and Cassiaالقرفه الصينيه as flat [Both have same diagnostic element]. So differentiate between both by:

19. E.g2., Ipecacuanha Starch granule Rio Ipecacuanha Cartagena Ipecacuanha 15 μm 17-20 μm Why we need to differentiate between Rio and Cartagena Ipeca? Because Rio Ipeca contains more emetine alkaloid.