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THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. THE OLD ORDER. Absolute monarch controlled France. French aristocracy set the trends in Europe in literature, clothing, art, & ideas for change. Majority of the people did not share in the wealth of France and desired a better way of life. THE OLD ORDER. THE OLD ORDER.

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THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

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  1. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

  2. THE OLD ORDER Absolute monarch controlled France. French aristocracy set the trends in Europe in literature, clothing, art, & ideas for change. Majority of the people did not share in the wealth of France and desired a better way of life

  3. THE OLD ORDER

  4. THE OLD ORDER France’s abuses by king& queen, the First & Second Estate through taxes, feudal dues, fees on equipment, & the financial crisis by supporting the American Revolution caused the members of Third Estate to demand change Crop failures during Louis XVI reign would cause flour prices to increase drastically which added to the fervent call for change

  5. THE OLD ORDER Louis XVI would call for the Estates-General to discuss raising taxes on the First & Second Estate who at this point did not pay any. However, the Third Estate did not receive a vote in this meeting to affect change. Eventually they would be shut out of the assembly causing them to form their own called the National Assembly

  6. THE OLD ORDER The Third Estate members would take the Tennis Court Oath promising not to disband until they had a constitution for France. In the National Assembly they called for social equality

  7. THE OLD ORDER Louis XVI would increase the amount of troops in Versailles as the debates & violence would rage in the streets. The National Assembly would then attack the Bastille to obtain weapons to defend it

  8. THE OLD ORDER After the fall of the Bastille a revolutionary government would be set up in Paris and the Great Fear swept through the countryside of France causing for the removal of landlords & robbing of granaries, destruction of manor houses, & destruction of feudal records

  9. CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT Meeting the night of August 4, 1789 The violence throughout France caused the National Assembly members & the nobles to make reforms. The nobles relented giving up their feudal dues & their exemption from taxes.

  10. CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, formed in August 1789 & inspired by America’s Declaration of Independence, was created to ensure the equality of all citizens before the law. Did not give equal rights to women but eventually they would have reforms making divorce easier & gave them ability to inherit property

  11. CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT This document was inspired by the Enlightenment writers Locke, Montesquieu, & Rousseau stating all people are equal before the law, guaranteed freedom of speech, press, religion, & protected from arbitrary arrest & punishment.

  12. CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT Louis XVI did not want to accept the Declaration of Rights. The people’s unrest would grow & wanted Louis to move to Paris for fear that he may take armed action against the National Assembly. Thousands of women would force Louis’ move to Paris after they marched on Versailles.

  13. CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT The Civil Constitution of Clergy would force the clergy to be elected, salaried members of the government, placed the French Church under government control, & allowed for the selling of Church lands to pay off debts of France The Constitution of 1791 kept the monarch with limited power & set up a unicameral legislature with members chosen by voters. Voters were limited to males who paid a minimum tax. Some were happy, some were not.

  14. CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT Divisions in the Legislative Assembly

  15. CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT Louis XVI would attempt to flee Austria with his family. He would be captured, returned to Paris, & forced to accept the limited monarchy as outlined in the Constitution. The French émigré’s wanted to restore the monarchy in France & would try to convince Austria & others to assist.

  16. CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT Eventually, the Legislative Assembly feared this & would declare war first on Austria. The war caused the September massacres to occur where many nobles & priests who were accused of political crimes would be killed Radicals would take over control of the legislative assembly & would extend voting to ALL males whether or not they owned property

  17. DAWN OF A NEW ERA The French would rally in support of the revolution to defeat the other European monarch countries from taking over & reinstituting Louis as king. The National Convention would then meet to create France’s first constitution that placed all political power in a single national legislature based on universal male suffrage, replaced the system of weights & measure with the metric system (still used today) & adopted a new calendar with September 22, 1792 (republic creation) as the first day (would not last)

  18. DAWN OF A NEW ERA The Convention had to end the legacy of the past by deciding what to do with Louis XVI. Even with all of his letters to other monarchs there was little evidence that Louis was committing any acts of treason. The Convention still tried & convicted him of having “conspired against the liberty of the nation” & had him beheaded by the guillotine

  19. DAWN OF A NEW ERA Louis’ trial – left At the guillotine - above Beheaded - left

  20. DAWN OF A NEW ERA Republican fervor swept through the country. The Sans-culottes, Paris’ shopkeepers, artisans, & workers who saw themselves as heroes, would begin by wearing long trousers & get rid of the powdered wigs Three major groups would make up the Convention.

  21. DAWN OF A NEW ERA

  22. French decided to expand their territory to their natural barriers: the Alps, the Pyrenees, the Rhine River, & the Mediterranean Sea France created an army to extend borders suffering numerous defeats by people occupying these areas as they did not want to see an end to their monarchy. Conscription would be used to keep the army going DAWN OF A NEW ERA

  23. DAWN OF A NEW ERA The political issues in the Convention would heat as the Jacobins & Girondists continue to try to get control. Eventually, a Girondist would kill the Jacobin leader. Nobles continued to fight revolt against the revolutionaries for the conscription of their sons. Causing riots in the cities & protests of rising food prices/shortages

  24. DAWN OF A NEW ERA Jacobins used the Reign of Terror in order to try to obtain control. During this year, many individuals would be accused of being a traitor (including Marie Antoinette) & churches would be closed Robespierre, leader of the Jacobins, would take the lead in the terror eventually leading to his death at the guillotine

  25. DAWN OF A NEW ERA THE DIRECTORY – replaced the Convention

  26. DAWN OF A NEW ERA The war with European monarchs caused Napoleon Bonaparte to win fame, recognition, & promotion to General Napoleon would eventually lead the entire French army against Austria whom he would defeat. With the growing political unrest, Napoleon used his fame & knowledge to lead others in a coup d'état against the Directory

  27. NAPOLEON’S EMPIRE Napoleon would call himself the Emperor of the French, setting up a dictatorship with an executive branch with 3 committee members called Consuls. Napoleon was the First Consul Restructured government through reforms: replaced elected local officials with those he appointed, placed education under control of government, & every citizen was required to pay taxes which were placed in the Bank of France (would bring inflation & high prices under control)

  28. NAPOLEON’S EMPIRE Greatest impact was on French law: Napoleonic Code. Based on Enlightenment ideals allowing for French law to be more clear & consistent. Allowed for: Equality of all citizens before the law, religious toleration, & advancement based on merit. It did limit freedom of speech & the press allowing for censorship to exist Women would lose many rights gained during the revolution

  29. NAPOLEON’S EMPIRE The Concordat of 1801: established Catholicism as the main religion of France but allowed for other religions to exist

  30. NAPOLEON’S EMPIRE Napoleon had his eyes set on creating an empire. He defeated Italy & Austria, convinced Russia to withdraw, & created a treaty between Britain & France. Napoleon still desired to obtain control of Britain and would face his final defeat at the Battle of Trafalgar where the British destroyed the French Navy

  31. NAPOLEON’S EMPIRE Napoleon would try to affect British by impacting their trade by seizing ships heading for Britain. They retaliated in the same manner. This put neutral countries, like U.S., in a difficult position. This led to one of the causes of the War of 1812 between Britain & U.S. Napoleon would eventually lose.

  32. NAPOLEON’S EMPIRE On land, Napoleon’s empire continued to grow to where France’s borders met with Russia’s borders. Napoleon made the peoples’ of these lands pay taxes to France & send their males to serve in his army This caused nationalism to grow in people to where they would revolt against Napoleon.

  33. NAPOLEON’S EMPIRE Russia would assist these countries in revolt only to be invaded by Napoleon. Russians began to burn everything including Moscow to get Napoleon to retreat. By doing this the other countries would come in & help defeat Napoleon who would be exiled to the island of Elba

  34. NAPOLEON’S EMPIRE Louis XVIII would be given control of France. Napoleon would return from exile & would reign as emperor of France.

  35. NAPOLEON’S EMPIRE Even though he would make it known that France did not want anymore territory many armies advanced & met him at Waterloo where he would be defeated & die in 1821

  36. PEACE IN EUROPE Members from different countries, including a representative for France, would meet at the Congress of Vienna to decide what should be done now. Three guiding principles: 1) compensation – all countries be repaid for expenses incurred while fighting French; 2) legitimacy – restoring power to royal families prior to Napoleon; 3) balance of power – no country should ever be able to dominate Europe again

  37. PEACE IN EUROPE Redrawing of the European map occurred where some of France’s territory would have to be given up. France paid compensation for war damages. Restoration to European monarchies, including France, would be done. Buffer states, neutral territories, would be created around French territory

  38. PEACE IN EUROPE These ideals were put into place by reactionaries who wanted to keep things the way that they were. They did this in the hope of stopping liberalism & the growth of nationalism Alliances between countries would be formed as well in an effort to help solve problems between European countries before they led to violence

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