1 / 52

Chapter 16

Chapter 16. FOREIGN POLICY. Learning Objectives. 1) Discuss how foreign policy is made & identify the key players in the process. 2) Summarize the history of American foreign policy through the years. 3) Identify the foreign policy challenges presented by terrorism. Learning Objectives.

kerri
Download Presentation

Chapter 16

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Chapter 16 FOREIGN POLICY

  2. Learning Objectives • 1) Discuss how foreign policy is made & identify the key players in the process. • 2) Summarize the history of American foreign policy through the years. • 3) Identify the foreign policy challenges presented by terrorism.

  3. Learning Objectives • 4) Explain the principal issues dividing the Israelis & the Palestinians & the solutions proposed by the international community. • 5) Outline some of the actions taken by the United States to curb the threat of nuclear weapons. • 6) Describe China’s emerging roles as a world power.

  4. Introduction • Foreign Policy: • A systematic & general plan that guides a country’s attitudes & actions toward the rest of the world. • Foreign policy includes all of the economic, military, commercial, & diplomatic positions & actions that a nation takes in its relationships with other countries.

  5. Introduction • Moral Idealism: • In foreign policy, the belief that the most important goal is to do what is right. • Moral idealists think that it is possible for nations to cooperate as part of a rule-based community.

  6. Introduction • Political Realism: • In foreign policy, the belief that nations are inevitably selfish, and that we should seek to protect our national security, regardless of moral arguments.

  7. Who Makes U.S. Foreign Policy? • The President’s Role: • Article II, Section 2 of Constitution, names president commander in chief of the armed forces. • As commander president oversees the military & guides defense policies. • Constitution also authorizes the president to make treaties, with 2/3 Senate approval. • Executive agreements w/ other heads of state not subject to Senate approval • Ultimate power of nuclear weapons control

  8. Who Makes U.S. Foreign Policy • The Cabinet: • Departments of: Commerce, Agriculture, Treasury, & Energy recommend policies due to economic factors in the global market. • Secretary of State & Secretary of Defense • Only Cabinet members who concern themselves w/ foreign policy on full time basis.

  9. Who Makes U.S. Foreign Policy • The Department of State: • Principle agency most directly involved in foreign policy (diplomatic relations) • The Department of Defense: • Principle executive department that establishes & carries out defense policy & protects our national security. • Chairperson for the Joint Chiefs of Staff is appointed by the president for a 4 year term.

  10. Who Makes U.S. Foreign Policy • Other Agencies: • Arms Control & Disarmament Agency (1961) • Broadcasting Board of Governors • Agency for International Development • Peace Corps • Two key agencies: National Security Council & Central Intelligence Agency

  11. Who Makes U.S. Foreign Policy • National Security Council (NSC): • Established by National Security Act of 1947 • “advises president w/ respect to integration of domestic, foreign, & military policies relating to national security.” • President, VP, Sec. of State & Defense formal members of NSA • Chairperson of Joint Chiefs of Staff, CIA director, also in attendance at NSC mtgs.

  12. Who Makes U.S. Foreign Policy • Central Intelligence Agency (CIA): • Created after WWII, coordinates American intelligence activities abroad. • Congress’s Powers: • Constitutional power to declare war • Appropriation of funds for weapons systems, equip the U.S. armed forces, & provide foreign aid

  13. Who Makes U.S. Foreign Policy • Congress’s Powers cont’d: • Senate approve/reject treaties & appointment of ambassadors • War Powers Resolution (1973) • President must consult Congress before military action is taken. • House Committees on Foreign Affairs & Armed Services as well as Senate Committees on Armed Services & Foreign Relations

  14. A Short History of American Foreign Policy • Isolationism: • A political policy of non-involvement in world affairs. • Monroe Doctrine (1823): • U.S. policy announced by President James Monroe • U.S. would not tolerate foreign intervention in the Western Hemisphere • In return, the U.S. would stay out of European affairs.

  15. Beginning of Interventionism • Interventionism: • Direct involvement by one country in another country’s affairs. • Spanish-American War (1898) U.S. fought to free Cuba from Spain • Spain lost the war & the territories of Guam, Puerto Rico, & the Philippines to the U.S. • U.S. acquires colonial empire

  16. Beginning of Interventionism • Colonial Empire: • A group of colonized nations that are under the rule of a single imperial power. • After Spanish-American war U.S. returns to isolationism as foreign policy • WWI President Woodrow Wilson proclaims: neutrality- A position of not being aligned w/ either side in a dispute or conflict • i.e. War

  17. The World Wars • 1917 U.S. enters WWI after U.S. ships attacked by German Subs in international waters • After WWI U.S. reverts back to isolationism • Pearl Harbor (1941) U.S. enters WWII

  18. The Cold War • Post WWII, U.S. & Soviet relations deteriorate rapidly • (Democracy v. Communism) • Soviet Bloc: • The group of Eastern European nations that fell under the control of the Soviet Union following WWII. • Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, & Romania

  19. The Cold War • Iron Curtain: • Phrase coined by Winston Churchill • describes the political boundaries betwn the democratic countries in Western Europe • & the Soviet controlled Communist countries in Eastern Europe.

  20. The Cold War • Marshall Plan: • A plan providing for U.S. economic assistance to European nations following WWII to help those nations recover from the war. • Named after Secretary of State, George C. Marshall (1947-1949)

  21. The Cold War • Containment: • U.S. policy designed to contain the spread of communism by offering military & economic aid to threatened nations. • Cold War: • War of words, warnings, & ideologies betwn the Soviet Union & the United States that lasted from the late 1940s – early 1990s

  22. The Cold War • Deterrence: • Policy of building up military strength for the purpose of discouraging military attacks by other nations; • Policy of “building weapons of peace” that supported the arms race betwn the U.S. & the Soviet Union during Cold War.

  23. The Cold War • Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD): • Theory arising out deterrence • Phrase referring to the assumption that if the forces of two nations are equally capable of destroying each other, neither will take a chance on war.

  24. The End of the Cold War • Cuban Missile Crisis: (1962) • A nuclear stand-off when the U.S. learned that Soviet Union had placed nuclear warheads in Cuba. (90 miles off of U.S. coast) • The crisis was defused diplomatically • Considered the closest the two Cold War superpowers came to nuclear confrontation.

  25. The End of the Cold War • Détente: • “Relaxation of tensions”. • Characterized the relationship betwn the U.S. & the Soviet Union in the 1970s • Both rival nations attempted to pursue cooperative dealings & arms control. • Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I)

  26. Soviet Union Falls • Late 1980s Mikhail Gorbachev initiates efforts to democratize Soviet political system & decentralize the economy. • Reforms spread quickly throughout Eastern Europe, 1989 Berlin Wall is torn down • Failed coup in Aug. of ’91, where Boris Yeltsin confronts disgruntled Communist leaders & military, USSR is no longer!

  27. Post-Cold War Foreign Policy - U.S. forced to rethink foreign policy after Cold War • Humanitarian crisis & Peacekeeping Missions • i.e. Famine & Civil War or Ethnic cleansing • Somalia, Bosnia, Kosovo, Rwanda, & Sudan • September 11, 2001 provides clear direction of framework for United States foreign policy

  28. The War on Terrorism • Terrorism: • The use of staged violence, often against civilians, to achieve political goals. • Pg. 370 examples of Terrorist attacks throughout recent years

  29. The War on Terrorism • Varieties of Terrorism: pg. 379 • Local or Regional Terrorism • Extremist who are motivated by the desire to obtain freedom from a nation or gov. that they regard as an oppressor. • State-Sponsored Terrorism • Terrorist attacks planned & sponsored by governments. • i.e. Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Sudan, & Syria

  30. The War on Terrorism • Varieties of Terrorism cont’d: • Foreign Terrorist Networks: • Relatively new type of terrorism (late 1990s & early 2000s) • Emergence of non-state terrorist networks • i.e. Al Qaeda: quasi-hierarchical terrorist organization that planned & executed terrorist attacks of 9/11, bombings of two U.S. embassies in Africa, & bombing of USS Cole

  31. The U.S. Response to 9/11- The War in Afghanistan • Supported by coalition of international allies U.S. military goes after al Qaeda camps & ruling Taliban in Afghanistan • Coalition: • An alliance of nations to undertake a foreign policy action, particularly military action. • A coalition is often a temporary alliance that dissolves after the action is concluded.

  32. The Focus on Iraq • Axis of Evil (Iraq, Iran, & North Korea) • Bush administration focuses on “regime change” in Iraq • Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD): • Nuclear, chemical, & biological weapons that can inflict massive civilian casualties & pose long-term health dangers to human beings.

  33. The Focus on Iraq • Preemptive war: • A war launched by a nation to prevent an imminent attack by another nation. • Preventative war: • A war launched by a nation to prevent the possibility that another nation might attack at some point in the future. • Not supported by international law.

  34. The Focus on Iraq • Neoconservatism: • A philosophy of foreign policy based on moral idealism. • Neoconservatives support the use of economic and military power to bring democracy and human rights to other countries. • Advocated by President Bush (son)

  35. The Focus on Iraq • The “Bush Doctrine”- Preventative War & Regime Change • Multilateral: • In IR an action involving more than one side or nation. • Unilateral: • In IR, action that involves or affects only one side in a conflict or that is taken by only one nation. • IR= International Relations

  36. Iraq War • Iraq War starts March 20, 2003 • Bush declares “Mission Accomplished” May 1, 2003 • Unfortunately, “victory” is short lived • Insurgency & Resistance: • Iraqis resent Western meddling in their country’s affairs, furthermore they question America’s motive for invasion

  37. Iraq • Iraqi elections & New Government • January 2005, 1st free elections in half a century • October 2002 national assembly drafts constitution & submits it to the voters for ratification • December 2005 new elections held to select members of parliament • Shiites gain majority of seats

  38. Ethnic & Religious Groups in Iraq by % of Population

  39. Iraq • Continuing Insurgency & Sectarian Strife • Lack of exit strategy causes problems • Shiites, Sunnis, & Kurds can’t get it together regarding major issues • i.e. Constitutional changes & sharing oil revenues • Congress & President Bush at odds over how & when to bring troops home • Obama brings troops home in 2010

  40. Again, Afghanistan • The Afghan-Pakistani Border • Taliban take & maintain shelter on far side of Afghan-Pakistani border • In Pakistan’s Federally Administered Tribal Areas • Districts are largely free from central gov. control • U.S. Troops Buidup • Obama always in support of U.S. entry into Afghanistan • Troop surge of 30,000+ • Troops remain in Afghanistan post 2014

  41. Again, Afghanistan • U.S. Attacks in Pakistan • Pakistan’s role in Afghanistan quite complicated • Predator attacks in Pakistan by U.S. • Pakistan’s intelligence agency, Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), has funded a variety of Islamist militant groups who have attacked Afghan gov. & U.S. forces • The Death of Bin Laden • By U.S. in Pakistan May 2011

  42. The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict • The Arab-Israeli Wars: • For many years after Israel was founded in 1948, the neighboring Arab states did not accept its legitimacy as a nation. • Palestine rendered nationless country • Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO): • An organization formed in 1964 to represent the Palestinian people. The PLO has a long history of terrorism but for some years has launched primarily as a political party.

  43. The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict • The Israeli-Palestinian Dispute • Negotiations: • Oslo Accords: • The first agreement signed between Israel and the PLO; led to the establishment of the Palestinian Authority in occupied territories. • Negotiations Collapse • A Divided Palestine

  44. The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict • Obama & Netanyahu • The Palestinians & the United Nations

  45. Weapons Proliferation in an Unstable World • North Korea’s Nuclear Program • Receives help from USSR in developing nuclear program, North Korean leader Kim Jong II openly hostile to U.S. • U.S. will only engage in talks with North Korea if China, Russia, Japan, & South Korea are present!

  46. Weapons Proliferation in an Unstable World • Iran: An Emerging Nuclear Threat? • State sponsor of terrorism, has been linked to current Iraqi insurgency efforts against American forces • Openly hostile to U.S. • Openly stated no intention to develop nuclear missiles, simply seeking to develop nuclear energy plants. • Intelligence reports find that Iran is working on missile delivery system for nuclear warheads.

  47. Arms Control Treaties: Do They Work? • Treaties w/ Former Soviet Union: • Russia will not allow U.S. inspection • Biological Weapons Treaty: • U.S. doesn’t propose or support any specific solutions for system of compliance • Chemical Weapons Treaty: • Loopholes & Weak enforcement mechanisms • Too little, Too Late

  48. China- The Next Superpower? • Chinese-American Trade Relations: • Normal Trade Relations (NTR) status: • A status granted through an international treaty by which each member nation must treat other members at least as well as it treats the country that receives its most favorable treatment. • Formerly known as most favored nation status • Future Challenger to American Dominance

  49. Freer World Trade & The WTO • Human Rights & the WTO: • More trade ultimately will bring about political & social change • Or allowing trade is giving stamp of approval to the Chinese government’s oppression of its citizen’s rights.

  50. Freer World Trade & The WTO • Globalization- Good, Bad, or Indifferent? • Globalization: the diffusion of commodities & ideas on a global scale. • Protectionism v. Free Trade

More Related