Key Topics in Conservation Biology

1. MacDonald, D. and K. Service (eds.)(2007), by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Key Topics in Conservation Biology 靜宜大學 生態研究所 自然保育學 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 國立 臺南大學 環境與生態學院 生態科學與技術學系 教授 Japalura@hotmail.com

2. 目錄 Contents I • 2 Prioritizing choices in conservation • 3 What is biodiversity worth? Economics as a problem and a solution • 4 Impacts of modern molecular genetic techniques on conservation biology • 5 the role of metapopulations in conservation • 6 Managing biodiversity in the light of climate change: current biological effects and future impacts

3. 目錄 Contents II • 7 Technology in conservation: a boon but with small print • 8 Animal welfare and conservation: measuring stress in the wild • 13 Introduced species and the line between biodiversity conservation and naturalistic eugenics • 15 Does sport hunting benefit conservation? • 16 Can farming and wildlife coexist?

4. 2 選擇 2 Prioritizing choices in conservation (2 保育的選擇權重) For if one link in nature’s chain might be lost, another might be lost, until the whole of things will vanish by piecemeal (零碎的) . Cheng, Hsien Yu (Ayo) Professor, Dept. of Eco-Sciences and Eco-technology National University of Tainan

5. 2 選擇 Introduction • 10%-50% of the world’s biodiversity may disappear over the next few hundred years. • 全球每年花 60億美元，保護biodiversity. • 產出3萬億美元價值，等於30萬億美元資產。 • 30,000億美元 / 60億美元 = 500倍 • 一般公司，30%投入電腦，5%於建築物。相對於只有0.02%於 biodiversity。

6. 2 選擇 4 approaches • Single species approaches • Keystone species • Umbrella species • Flagship species • Indicator species • Multispecies approaches • Ecosystem and habitat-based approaches • Systematic conservation planning

7. 2 選擇 Methods for setting conservation priorities of species • Rule-based methods • Point scoring method • Conservation status ranks method

8. 2 選擇 variables • Risk (urgency) • Importance • Feasibility • Benefits • Costs • Chance of success

9. 2 選擇 Conclusions • Different people and organizations, and different sectors in society, will make different choices in their value judgments. • We recommend using more than one method to set priorities, and the comparison can be informative. • Decisions about resource allocation be formulated more explicitly in terms of objectives, constraints and costs.

10. 3 經濟 3 What is biodiversity worth? Economics as a problem and a solution (3 生物多樣性的價值？經濟是個問題，也是個解決之道) Cheng, Hsien Yu (Ayo) Professor, Dept. of Eco-Sciences and Eco-technology National University of Tainan

11. 3 經濟 Contents • Environmental Conservation is, Welfare economics • What does biodiversity do for us? • Ecological ignorance and economic ignorance • The limits to action • Why are economic incentives(經濟誘因) relevant?

12. 3 經濟 Contents • Does everything have to have a price? • What do we know about the value of biodiversity? • Ecosystem functions • Commercial and use values • Non-use values • Ecosystem resilience

13. 3 經濟 Conclusions • The first step is to estimate the economic values of biodiversity • The second step is to develop markets for the biodiversity benefits • The third step is to strengthen the business case for biodiversity. • The fourth step, to support biodiversity maintenance and recovery There is no higher priority for conservation biologist than to improve their understanding of economics.

14. 4 分生 4 Impacts of modern molecular genetic techniques on conservation biology (4 當代分子基因技術對保育生物學的影響) Cheng, Hsien Yu (Ayo) Professor, Dept. of Eco-Sciences and Eco-technology National University of Tainan

15. 4 分生 Introduction • Identification • Detection of hybrid zones and admixed populations • Quantification of dispersal and gene flow • Estimation of current and historical population size • Assessment of parentage, relatedness, reproductive success, mating systems and social organization

16. 4 分生 Contents • Systematics and hybridization • Non-invasive sampling(非入侵的取樣) and population size estimation • Genetic diversity within populations • Gene flow among populations • Effective population size • Genetic bottlenecks • Detecting selection and local adaptation • Forensic genetics and conservation

17. 4 分生 The future • Non-invasive and forensic techniques will become standard tools. • Rapid identification of genes had been achieved by the systematic sequencing of cDNA libraries. • The first rule of intelligent tinkering(修補者) is to keep the parts.

18. 5 關聯 5 the role of metapopulations in conservation (5 關聯族群於保育的角色) Nothing in the world is single; all things, by a law divine, in one another’s being mingle (混合). Cheng, Hsien Yu (Ayo) Professor, Dept. of Eco-Sciences and Eco-technology National University of Tainan

19. 5 關聯 Introduction • Review the potential applications of metapopulation concepts and models in reserve design and conservation management. We emphasize: • The viability of a population • Requires models • The principle limitation is the single-species focus.

20. 5 關聯 Contents • Concepts • Issues and options • Do metapopulations need models? • Current limitations and dilemmas • Conclusions

21. 5 關聯 Concepts • Metapopulation • Sink and source • Habitat corridors

22. 5 關聯 Issues and options • Does conservation need metapopulation concepts? • Environmental impacts in a metapopulation context • Conservation and management in a metapopulation context • Reserve design • Translocation and reintroduction • Connectivity and habitat corridors • Sources and sinks

23. 5 關聯 Do metapopulations need models? • Metapopulation concepts 本身就內含有模式(models) • 重要： • 經營管理的實驗室操作(experimental manipulations) 的選擇 • Endangered status of species • Evaluating management actions • 物種的可持續性

24. 5 關聯 Current limitations and dilemmas • Single-species focus • Definition and delineation of populations in a metapopulation • Assumptions of metapopulation models • Colonization matches extinction • Independent dynamics of local populations • Static habitat

25. 5 關聯 Conclusions • Metapopulation models have been essential to the management of many species. • Many species live in naturally heterogeneous or artificially fragmented landscapes, and decisions on their conservation and management should consider metapopulation concepts and models. • There is nothing in this world constant, but inconstancy.

26. 6 氣候 6 Managing biodiversity in the light of climate change: current biological effects and future impacts(6 氣候變遷下生物多樣性的管理：目前生物影響和未來的衝擊) Cheng, Hsien Yu (Ayo) Professor, Dept. of Eco-Sciences and Eco-technology National University of Tainan Now there is one outstandingly important fact regarding Spaceship Earth, and that is that no instruction book come with it.

27. 6 氣候 Introduction • Climate is one of the primary controls on species diversity and distribution globally, and past climate changes have surely modified biodiversity. • Climate change must become an integral consideration in conservation. • Lessons from patterns of palaeo-climatic change • The magnitude and nature of climatic change • Uncertainty and the skeptics (懷疑者)

28. 6 氣候 The impacts of climate change on flora and fauna • Density and range shifts • Climate change and phenology • Phenology(物候學) – the study of the timing of such ecological events as when flowers bloom or when migrants arrive – has already revealed numerous shifts seemingly associated with climate change.

29. 6 氣候 Management and policy implication • Carbon mitigation(減碳) and the new carbon economy (碳經濟) • Adaptation • Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) proposal

30. 6 氣候 Conclusions • Climate change is an environmental challenge unprecedented in historical times. • Projected future rapid climate change. • The study of climate change, and interaction with numerous other complex factors that together impact biodiversity, is an immense(無限的), daunting(令人氣餒的 ), but urgent(急迫的) challenge for the 21st century. Facts do not cease to exist because they are ignored.

31. 7 技術 7 Technology in conservation: a boon but with small print (7 保育的技術) the real question is not whether machines think, but whether men do? Cheng, Hsien Yu (Ayo) Professor, Dept. of Eco-Sciences and Eco-technology National University of Tainan

32. 7 技術 Introduction • Microelectronics revolution of the late twentieth century • 介紹這方面的議題(issues)，而不是技術 • 提供worldwide web links and reference for those who crave more (Table 7.1)

33. 7 技術 Contents • introduction • Crucial issues, problems and dilemmas • Future requirements, directions and solutions • A lack of information and experts • Wireless communications: device to device and device to person • Smart systems in the wild with desk-top control • Software, hardware, miniaturization and power efficiency • Conclusions

34. 7 技術 Crucial issues, problems and dilemmas • The evidence-based approach • Device accuracy and sensor sensitivity • Error in contact and non-contact devices • Human error • Scientific, ethical, practical and financial considerations: effects on data quality and quantity • Understanding the limits of a chosen technology

35. 7 技術 Conclusions • We are on the verge of a fundamental breakthrough in understanding the biology of animals in the wild because we can take the laboratory, with all its technological capacity for quantification, into the field. • The silicon chip industry has given us eyes where we were blind, memories when we were fatigued and powers of information transmission that transcend the hindrance of space. One machine can do the work of fifty ordinary men. No machine can do the work of one extraordinary man.

36. 8 福利 8 Animal welfare and conservation: measuring stress in the wild (8 動物福利與保育) Cheng, Hsien Yu (Ayo) Professor, Dept. of Eco-Sciences and Eco-technology National University of Tainan

37. 8 福利 Introduction • Why should there be a essay on animal welfare in a book about conservation biology? • Animal right (動物權) and animal welfare (動物福利)

38. 8 福利 Contents • Welfare and conservation • Only living animals that can suffer can have welfare considerations. • The animals should not suffer without good reason. • Measuring stress：an evidence-base for welfare in conservation biology.

39. 8 福利 Types of stress • Cost measures- those based on the biological cost of stress; • Defense measures – those based on the magnitude of the defense system raised against the stressor.

40. 8 福利 Current issues and approaches in stress measurement • Non-invasive measures of stress • Faecal cortisol analysis • Body weight change as a measure of stress • Remote monitoring devices and animal behavior • Measuring stress in captured animals

41. 8 福利 Solutions: a validated approach to measuring stress in the wild • Table 81. summarizes some of the possible measures that could be used. • The welfare of each is bound up in the welfare of all.

42. 13 引入 13 Introduced species and the line between biodiversity conservation and naturalistic eugenics(13 引入種，以及生物多樣性保育與自然優生的界線) Cheng, Hsien Yu (Ayo) Professor, Dept. of Eco-Sciences and Eco-technology National University of Tainan

43. 13 引入 Introduction • Introduced species(引入種)– those transported by people beyond their natural geographical range. • Invasive species(入侵種)– an introduced species is successful in colonizing large areas or reaching high numbers • Malign invasive(有害的入侵)

44. 13 引入 Harmless introductions • The ten-ten rule raise the question of why so many introductions, including some that turn out to be successful or even invasive, appear harmless. • Natural ecosystems have plenty of vacant niche space. • The impacts of introductions have been inadequately measured.

45. 13 引入 人為 vs. 自然 • The distinction between introductions and natural colonists is becoming increasingly blurred. • Are invasive species different from any others? • r-selected species vs. K-selected species

46. 13 引入 Contents • Ecological effects of invasive species • Predation and herbivory • Effects of competition • Effects of disease • Effects of hybridization • The special case of domestics • Management options for invasive species • Conclusions

47. 13 引入 Conclusions • The record of human redistribution of species is an extended tragedy of errors. • We must start from where we are, not from where we might wish to be, and different mixes of incommensurable values can and should lead to different judgements.

48. 15 狩獵 15 Does sport hunting benefit conservation?(15 遊憩狩獵對保育是否有利？) Cheng, Hsien Yu (Ayo) Professor, Dept. of Eco-Sciences and Eco-technology National University of Tainan

49. 15 狩獵 Introduction • When poorly regulated, hunting can be – historically often has been– damaging to the target population. • However, the impact of hunting on population dynamics can be complex and difficult to quantify. • Sport hunting and nature conservation have both been part of human culture from the earliest times. • Fig. 15.1 illustrating the relationship between sport-hunting and conservation.

50. 15 狩獵 Key issues • Hunting raises revenue? Be used to benefit conservation? • Offset the opportunity costs in poor communities • Affects the conservation of habitat and biodiversity • Any subtle side-effects affecting hunted populations.