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Understanding Protein and Carbohydrate Structures: Tertiary, Quaternary, and Polysaccharides

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This resource explores the intricate structures of proteins and carbohydrates, focusing on tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins including β-sheets, fibrous, and globular proteins. It delves into the features of monosaccharides, such as their configurations and types, highlighting storage and structural polysaccharides like starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin. Key interactions and bond formations in protein stability are also discussed, alongside the significance of non-protein groups in biological functions.

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Understanding Protein and Carbohydrate Structures: Tertiary, Quaternary, and Polysaccharides

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  1. -sheet • 2 peptide backbones • Very open configuration • "Pleated" • Parallel and antiparallel

  2. Tertiary Structure • Thermodynamically most stable form • Held together by • Hydrophobic interactions • Electrostatic interactions • -S-S- bonds • Can include non-protein groups • Prosthetic groups or co-enzymes • Determined by x-ray crystalography

  3. Types of Tertiary Structures • Fibrous proteins • Silk • Keratin • Collagen • Globular proteins

  4. Quaternary Structure

  5. Carbohydrates (saccharides)

  6. Monosaccharides • Polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones • Aldoses—aldehyde on end • Ketoses—ketone in chain

  7. Monosaccharides, con't. • Named by number of carbons • Trioses • Tetroses • Pentoses • Hexoses • Heptoses

  8. Glucose • 4 chiral carbons • "D" configuration • Fischer projection

  9. Ring formation

  10. Chair configuration

  11. Aldohexoses

  12. Monosaccharide derivatives

  13. Fructose

  14. Glycosidic bonds

  15. Polysaccharides

  16. Types • Storage • Starch • Glycogen • Structural • Cellulose • Chitin • Extracellular matrix

  17. Storage • Glucose in (14) linkages • Amylose—10-30% • unbranched • Amylopectin—70-90% • Branched every 12-25 residues • (16) linkages • Glycogen • Branched every 8-12 residues

  18. Glycogen

  19. Structural • Cellulose • Glucose • (14) linkages • No branches • Most abundant macromolecule

  20. Structural, con't. • Chitin • N-acetyl glucosamine • Second most abundant macromolecule • Bacterial cell wall • peptidoglycan

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