Meaning-beyond words

1. Meaning-beyond words DewiSukmawati Tri Maryanti ErvikaHidayatus S EniKristiana DellinaDwi W NikmatulBaroroh AstriYuslita Irianti Tri

2. THE IMPORTANT OF CONTEXT • Context refers to the phrase or sentence and the situation in which a word is used. It helps decode both word and sentence meaning. • The word “hot” has some meaning in the different sentence and situation. •Ugh! This beer’s hot! • The word hot in the first sentence means very delicious. •Wow! She’s really hot, you know. • The word hot in the second sentence means sexy. •Oh, it’s unbearably hot today. • The word hot in the third sentence means the weather is very hot. •Hotdog? I love it. • The phrase hotdog in the last sentence is the name of food from U.S. or England, it contains bread, soozis.

3. Collocation • Morphologically, collocation means the ability of being place together. A particular word can collocate with another particular word. If people know a language well, they ‘know’ which word collocate. • Consider the use of high and tall in the following sentences. That’s a tall building-it must be over 100 meters high. How high is that mountain? *How tall is that mountain? *He is a very high man-nearly two meters. • From the sentence above, the adjectives ‘tall’ and ‘high’ can collocate with ‘building’, but ‘high’ cannot collocate with ‘man’ and ‘tall’ does not quite right wit ‘mountain’. • We have to learn collocation as well-that is what words that each of these words can combine with, and what each word means in each collocation. By reading and listening to the target language, the students will gradually learn collocations.

4. Connotation • A dictionary provides denotative definition s of words. Thus, denotation is what the dictionary says with respect to the meaning of word. However, behind the denotative meaning lies connotative meaning, which reflects our personal, ideological, political, or cultural attitudes. Quite often, the choice of words reflects what we feel. Connotation will show whether the spiker thinks it is good, bad or neutral. 4 example : The Europeans came to the South Pacific. (n) The Europeans colonized the South Pacific. (-) The Europeans discovered the South Pacific. (+) The Europeans invaded the South Pacific. (-) • In the Connotations that are a lot of words that are apparently neutral, but the hidden meaning the connotation shows a bias. And sometimes that bias is so well hidden that we don’t even notice it. With the respect collocation, is the best way to learn these subtle” shade of meaning “ is through exposture of the language. Dont look connotation of a word but look in the context-based.

5. The Use Theory of Meaning • The use theory of meaning states that the meaning of a word is decided by the way that it’s used. A word doesn’t have an independent meaning; we can only define it according to its use in context. This theory is very powerful especially to explain the meaning of abstract things or concepts. • Abstract words, such as education. We cannot point to the concept of produce a simple drawing of it in the “picture in the mind” section of our “triangle meaning”. In order to be precise about a word’s “meaning”, one step we can take is to see how it is used. • We have focused on education because it’s very useful for us as educators to think carefully about what education means to us.

6. The use of words is an important part of their meaning by looking at regional varieties (or dialect) and language change. Meaning depends on context or a variety of contexts. The contexts might be geographical, political, cultural, historical, grammatical.

7. LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL MEANING • Lexical meanings are contained in lexical words, such as noun, verb, adjective, and adverb. While grammatical meanings are contained in function words, such as preposition, conjunction, pronoun, article, and determiner in addition to plural (-s) and tense (-ed) markers. • Compare the following string of words: Dogs exited the bark The exited dogs bark.

8. PARALANGUAGE • Paralanguage refers to non-verbal communicationor communication without words. • Some elementsof languageare: a. Pich, b. Resonance, c. Tempo, d. Volume.

9. Vocal,but non-verbal -There areways of communication by ”voice”but without”words”. -Two aspects of this vocal,but non-verbal system of communication can be identified below: a. sounds, b. vocal vacations. • Sound -Sounds that are not word can be used to communicate.There are have meanings even though theyare not ”words”. Example: mmm,uhuh,um,sst. -People of different cultures have different meanings of these sounds. -If we speak English,we should use the English sound.

10. Vocal Variations • Human voice can be used in different ways to express meaning. The main aspects of vocal variation include • Pausing • Raising and lowering the volume (loud – soft) • Varying the speed (fast – slow) • Altering the tone (high – low tones)

11. Body Language • Body language or kinesics is a term used for the various facial expressions ,gestures,use of space and other body movements that people use to communicate. • These expressions and gestures form an important part of communication. • They can be used to express meaning instead of word.

12. LANGUAGE AS PART OF A CULTURAL SYSTEM • culture is defined as the way that a particular group of people think,feel and be have. • It is true that different groups of people have different ways of doing things and thinking about things. • A particular culture is made up from several aspects of life,such as eating likes and dislikes as one aspect,hand in hand with all other aspects,such as clothing and religious beliefe,ideologies and ect.

13. Change to Language and Culture • Culture is not something static and so is language is a part of culture. Instead, both chage over time due to global access to information. The so-called Javanese people are not longer those that can be seen in traditional Javanese costumes, or eat trditional food. Many Javanese people now go to Pizza Hut on regular basis, drive cars, join Karaoke leisure activities. Because of that there are some attempts to preserve the traditional Javanese culture wits its highly assumed values. • With respect to language, Javanese, and many other local languages undorgo some changes in almost all linguistic aspects-vocabulary, structure, and useage.

14. Culture is Involved in Language Learning • The main point here is that learning to communicate in foreign language involves more than learning words: rather, it involves other system of culture. Learning communicate in another language involves learning other aspects of another culture, as well.

15. Why Teach Culture? • Not until very recently have English language educators in Indonesia realized the importance of teaching of English as a foreign language. It was assumed that most of the students in Indonesia were learning English as tool to use in learning other subject, and gaining employment within their own cultural environment.