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Cause & Consequence

Cause & Consequence. Why do events happen and what are their impacts?. Features of Cause and Consequence. Change is driven by multiple causes leading to multiple consequences . The causes of some events are more influential than others .

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Cause & Consequence

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  1. Cause & Consequence Why do events happen and what are their impacts?

  2. Features of Cause and Consequence • Change is driven by multiple causes leading to multiple consequences. • The causes of some events are more influential than others. • Unintended consequences are common as the historical actors (people, groups, and their actions) cannot always foresee the consequences of conditions, the opposing actions, and any unexpected reactions. • The events of history were not inevitable. Any changes made to the sequence of events leading up to a given action can completely change the outcome.

  3. Let’s go back to Gr.7-8 History! Group Brainstorm: Why Canada? What factors led to or CAUSEDConfederation in 1867? Can you think of 6? Test your knowledge / retention

  4. What textbooks will tell you: • Political deadlock United Provinces of Canada (East & West) in a deadlock between 4 parties so form a coalition 2. Railway Needed a railway to connect central Canada with East and West This promotes trade between colonies

  5. What textbooks will tell you: 3. End of Reciprocity (free trade) with US (1865) High tariffs with US so colonies of BNA can combine & trade with each other, tariff free 4. Threat of war with the USA North wins American civil war, GBR supported South We’re connected with GBR so look out! Lots of American interest in West with Klondike MANIFEST DESTINY

  6. What textbooks will tell you: 5. GBR want to get rid of Colonies Burden on GBR tax payer vs. benefits 6. Good farmland in the West (Prairies) Grab it before the Americans do

  7. What’s the point here? Multiple causes In history nothing is black & white- it’s complex and requires analysis Also - multiple consequences. Brainstorm 3 consequences of becoming an independent country & 3 potential consequences if Manifest Destiny had happened

  8. “Men make their own history, but… they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves.” Karl Marx

  9. Some big questions we need to think of when looking at cause & consequence –Lets go back to our example… Which cause was the biggest? What was the most influential factor that led to Confederation? Why? What consequences could you predict from Confederation? What consequences could you not predict (unintended)? Was Confederation an inevitable result of political, social, economic & cultural factors OR is it all thanks to John A and his old-white-guy-boys club? (societal factors vs. people)

  10. We will discuss Cause and Consequence MANY times this semester. • There are Short and Long term Causes for things and there are Short and Long term Consequences

  11. Canadian foreign policy- Canada as a Middle power • CRITICAL QUESTIONS: • What does ‘Middle Power’ mean? • What role should our government play in other countries’ affairs? • What is our humanitarian responsibility? • What about Syria & emerging conflicts? • OVERALL: What are the CAUSES and CONSEQUENCES of our foreign policy?

  12. Middle power is a term in the field of international relations that describes states that are not superpowers or great powers, but still have large or moderate influence and international recognition - From Wikipedia

  13. Let’s look at Canada’s role in international conflict since emerging as a Middle Power. Complete the Cause and Consequence thinking activity.

  14. What are reasons countries go to war? • Political revolution • Gain natural resources • Religious ideology • To annex or protect territory • Racism or xenophobia • For defense reasons • For money or lucrative gain – weapons, industry, etc

  15. Lets start by looking at our participation on Afghanistan

  16. Afghanistan- a country used to crisis • USSR invades 1979-89, fails and leaves • 1989-92 civil war, Najibullah vs. Mujahideen • 1992- 96 civil war, The Islamic State of Afghanistan vs. the Islamic Party • Taliban gets involved and rules country 1996-2001

  17. September 11th, 2001

  18. October 7th, 2001- Bush Attacks • “Operation Enduring Freedom” • USA & UK invade • Stated goal- Remove Taliban from power, disband terrorist group Al Qaeda and install democracy • Canada joins efforts in Jan, 2002 • Increases role in 2006 when we redeployed to Kandahar province • 2500-2850 Canadian troops serving in Afghanistan 2011

  19. Canada joins USA & NATO - Cost of war • $100 billion/year for the USA • $18 billion/year for Canada ($1500 per household) CBC- 10 Feb 2009 • 1648 American dead (June 2011) • 158 Canadian dead (Aug 2013) and 4 civilians • Capt Goddard first female killed in combat since WW2

  20. What do you think? What are your views on Canada’s role in Afghanistan? Do you feel most Canadians have been in support of the mission?

  21. Canadian public opinion on Afghanistan… changes across time • At the end of 2001, a poll quoted by the Washington Post showed that 74% of Canadians supported the US-led war in Afghanistan • In 2006, as Canada was expanding its presence in the country, a Strategic Counsel poll conducted for CTV News and The Globe and Mail,54% opposed the war. In Quebec, as much as 70% opposed the war. • A poll conducted on 1570 Canadians in July 2011 for QMI Agency and Sun Media showed 30% of respondents felt the sacrifice was worthwhile, and 58% did not.

  22. Canada’s 4 new roles in Afghanistan Canada’s engagement in Afghanistan post-2011 is centered on Kabul and will focus on four key areas: • investing in the future of Afghan children and youth through development programming in education and health; • advancing security, the rule of law and human rights, including through the provision of up to 950 trainers for Afghan security forces; • promoting regional diplomacy; • helping deliver humanitarian assistance. Which do you think is most important moving forward? Can you predict any future consequences?

  23. What do you think? CRITICAL QUESTION: • Is it important to have allies? Do we have to support them militarily? Explain.

  24. And now Syria

  25. Bashar al-Assad • Became president after his father died following 30 years in charge • ‘Arab spring’ spreads to Syria in 2011 • Brutal crackdown on “rebels” = civil war • 100 000 dead, 2 million refugees • Accused of using chemical weapons on civilians in 2013

  26. CBC News in Review - October 2012“Crisis in Syria” The same street in Syria – 3 years apart.

  27. Syria in Crisis • Suspected Chemical Weapons Sites Interactive Refugee Sites Photo: A man wears face paint and carries the Syrian flag in 2011. (Mohammad Hannon/AP)

  28. UN intervention? • UN security council (15 countries): • 5 permanent- USA, Russia, UK, France, China • 10 rotating • 5 permanent members get a veto vote

  29. UN intervention? • Russia won’t allow intervention • UN can’t act • Should the US act alone? May 2013

  30. What is Canada saying? “Since the start of the Syrian uprising in March of 2011, Canada has worked to support the Syrian people. We have been active in calling on the international community to come together and defend the rights of the Syrian people to determine their own future”. • Canada has also given generously to the various international efforts : -Canada has provided $316.8 million in humanitarian, development and security assistance in response to the Syria crisis -$158.5 million to address the urgent needs of up to 6.8 million conflict - affected people (including 3.1 million children) -$4.75 million to address threats related to chemical or biological weapons arising from Syria -Canada is providing Jordan with $100 million over the next three years in development and security assistance, including $12.5 M to mitigate the threat posed by Syria's stockpile of weapons of mass destruction Canadian Foreign Affaris website- http://www.international.gc.ca/international/syria-syrie.aspx (5 Sept 2013)

  31. What do you think? • Let’s consider Cause and Consequence again; should everyone just leave everyone else alone?

  32. Canada as Peacekeepers • 1956, Suez Crisis • Lester B. Pearson (Minister of External Affairs) • 1957 Nobel Peace Prize, “Saved the world” • Continued heavy involvement through the 60’s and 70’s

  33. Is Canada Still a Peacekeeping Nation? • Most recently (2000-2009) Canada has had limited involvement in Darfur, Sudan, Haiti, and Timor. • Taking a lead role in none of these operations. Read article “From Peacekeeper to War Fighter” What are the causes of our shifting role? What could the consequences be?

  34. What about Foreign Aid instead of military intervention? How MUCH DOES CANADA GIVE IN FOREIGN / HUMANITARIAN AID?

  35. What are pros and cons of Foreign Aid?

  36. In summary… (Less Economically Developed Countries)

  37. READING Macleans Magazine April 2012 – Canada’s Declining Aid What are the causes of our declining aid? What might the consequences be?

  38. Total Canadian International Aid 2011-2012

  39. LINK:Check out details on Canada's Foreign Aid Humanitarian Aid 2011-2012

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