Chapter 13: Mass Society and Democracy

1. Chapter 13: Mass Society and Democracy

2. Section 1: The Growth of Industrial Prosperity

3. The Second Industrial Revolution: • gave rise to steel, chemicals, • electricity, and petroleum • - New Products: • Steel: Henry Bessemer and William Kelly – used for machines, engines, railways, ships, and weapons

4. Electricity: could be converted easily to heat light and motion through wires; by 1880 powering streetcars and subways • Light Bulb: Thomas Edison – opened homes to electric lights

5. Telephone: Alexander Graham Bell “Mr. Watson, come here. I want to see you!”

6. Radio: Gugliemo Marconi

7. Internal Combustion engine

8. Airplane: Orville and Wilbur Wright; first flight in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina

9. Automobile: Henry Ford; Model T – made the car affordable for the ordinary man

10. - New Patterns • People could afford to buy more consumer goods because wages increased and because of lower cost of transportation • First department stores open, goods like clocks, bicycles, and typewriters were sold

11. Rothchild No. 5  Macy’s Woolworths

12. Organizing the Working Class: • Marx’s Theory: 1848 – The Communist Manifesto also written by Friedrich Engels; were appalled at the horrible conditions of factories; blamed industrial capitalism; their solution – a new social system Marx believed world history was a “ history of class struggles”; the oppressors: owned means of production and therefore power to control government and society; the oppressed: dependent on the owners of land raw materials, money, etc. Marx believed society was splitting into two opposing classes: Bourgeoisie(oppressors) and Proletariat (the oppressed); he predicted this struggle would led to a revolution; the proletariat would win and form a dictatorship to organize the means of production; would ultimately produce a classless society

13. - Socialist Parties: parties based on Marx’s ideas • German Social Democratic Party (SPD): advocated revolution; competed in elections for parliament; once elected delegates worked to pass laws to improve working conditions; by 1912 had become the largest party in Germany • Second International: an association of national socialist groups; fought against capitalism worldwide • Pure Marxists thought a violent revolution would overthrow capitalist; Revisionist argued workers must organize into political parties to gain reforms

14. Trade Unions: • Labor Unions won the right to strike in 1870; organized strikes and sit-down strikes; used strikes to gain better wages and working conditions • Collective bargaining: negotiations between workers representatives and employers to determine working conditions

15. Section 2: The Emergence of Mass Society • The New Urban Environment: - By the end of the nineteenth century, mass society had emerged, the concerns of the majority (the lower class) were important - urban areas grewbecause of rural migration; lack of jobs in the country and improved living conditions in the cities led to this rural migration - social reformers advised city governments to create boards to improve the quality of housing and medical officersinspected buildings for public health hazards; essential to public health in cities were clean water and proper sewage systems; sewage treatment was improved by building underground pipes that took the waste out of the city

17. D. Social Structure of Mass Society: - The New Elite: The wealthy elites stood at the top of European society; 5% of population; controlled 30 – 40% of the wealth Made up of landed aristocrats and wealthy upper middle class; became leaders in government and military; marriage united the two groups

18. The Middle Classes: members of this group provided goods and services for the classes above them believed in hard work; was open to everyone; always saw positive results were regular churchgoers; believed in good conduct associated with Christianity concerned with the right way to do things; good etiquette; best-selling manners book The Habits of Good Society

19. - The Working Classes: made up 80% of population experienced an improvement in material conditions after 1870; a rise in wages with a decline in the cost of consumer goods made it possible for them to buy more than just food and housing enjoyed some leisure activities; strikes were leading to 10 hour workdays and Saturday afternoons off

20. E. The Experiences of Women: 1800, women were defined by family and household roles; inferior to men; throughout the century they struggle to change their status

21. - New Job Opportunities: working classes maintained that women should remain at home to bear children and should not be allowed in the industrial workforce; argued keeping women out of the workplace would ensure the moral and physical well-being of families new jobs for women: clerks, typists, secretaries, file clerks and sales clerks expansion of government services also gave new opportunities for women to work as telephone operators, teachers, and in health and socialservices

22. - Marriage and Family: ideal: men were wage earners; women cared for the family marriage remained the only honorable career for most women important change – number of children born to the average woman declined; increased birth control

23. - The Movement for Women’s Rights feminism had its beginnings during the Enlightenment; equality based on natural rights 1830, women begin to argue for the right to divorce and own property some fought for access to universities and entry into occupations dominated by men training to become a doctor was closed to women, they entered the field by becoming nurses; Amalie Sieveking founded the Female Association for the Care of the Poor and Sick in Germany; other pioneers in nursing: Florence Nightingale in Crimean War and Clara Barton in the U.S. Civil War 1840s begin to call for the right to vote; key to improving their conditions

24. Sieveking Nightingale Barton

25. Britain: The Women’s Social and Political Union was founded by Emmeline Pankhurst;members used unusual stunts to call attention to its demands; threw eggs at government officials, chained themselves to lamppost, burned railroad cars and smashed department store windows

28. Universal Education: between 1870 and 1914 most western governments set up state-financed primary schools; boys and girls ages 6 – 12 were required to attend these schools states set up teacher training schools Western nations made a commitment to public education for several reasons: • industrialization; they needed trained, skilled labor • political reasons; people who had the right to vote needed to be an educated voter • schools instilled patriotism Result of public education: increased literacy; literacy led to the rise of mass newspapers

29. New Forms of Leisure: what people did for fun after work: amusement parks, team sports; both were big business organized to make profits

30. Baseball Daniel Coogan “Little Danny” Arlie Latham “The Clown Prince of Baseball”

31. Section 3: The National State and Democracy H. Western Europe and Political Democracy: - Great Britain: By 1871, Britain has a two party system; Liberal and Conservative Parties; both led by aristocratic landowners and upper-middle-class people Reform Acts of 1867 and 1884; both increased the number of males who could vote; 1928; all males over 21 and women over 30 could vote Around 1900, a new party emerged - the Labour Party; they were dedicated to the interest of workers; they supported the following reforms: The National Insurance Act of 1911 – provided benefits for workers in case of sickness and unemployment; a small pension for those of 70; compensation for those injured at work

32. - France: • The collapse of the Second Empire left the country in confusion; it took five years for a constitution to be written and the Third Republic officially proclaimed • Third Republic: had a president – powers were not defined by constitution; a bicameral legislature – the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies; a prime minister – led the government and was responsible to the Chamber of Deputies (ministerial responsibility)

33. - Italy: • by 1870, Italy was an untied national state but had little sense of unity because they were divided between the poverty stricken south and the industrialized north; government corruption kept Italy from dealing with this problem

34. Central and Eastern Europe: The Old Order • - Germany: • Constitution of 1871 had a bicameral legislature; lower house called the Reichstag was elected by universal male suffrage • Misters were responsible to the emperor not parliament; emperor controlled armed forces, foreign policy, and the government bureaucracy • Emperor from 1888 – 1918: William II; under his reign Germany had the strongest military and industrial power in Europe • -

35. Austria-Hungary: • Austria-Hungry enacted a constitution that, in theory, set up a parliamentary system with ministerial responsibility – Francis Joseph ignored the system; appointed and dismissed ministers and issued decrees and laws when parliament was not in session • Conflicts between various nationalities remain

36. Russia industrialized quickly in the 1890s; with industrialization came a proletariat who worked and lived in pitiful conditions • Socialist parties based on Marxist ideas developed; government repression forced the to go underground • After Russia is defeated by Japan, discontent and opposition to the czar explodes in to the Revolution of 1905; massive group of workersgo to the winter palace to present the czar with their grievances; troops open fire on the group becomes known as “Bloody Sunday”; workers throughout Russia strike • Result: Nicholas II is forced to grant civil liberties and create the Duma; reforms short-lived; by 1907 Nicholas has curtailed the powers of the Duma and ruled absolutely

37. The United States and Canada • - Aftermath of the Civil War: • Civil War had preserved national unity, but South had been destroyed; 1\5 of male population had been killed; 4 million slaves had been freed

38. 13th Amendment: abolished slavery; 14th Amendment: gave citizenship to African Americans; 15th Amendment: gave African Americans the right to vote; southern state laws stripped African Americans right to vote; supporters of white supremacy were everywhere in the South

39. Economy: • Between 1870 – 1914, the U.S. became an industrial nation; by 1900, Carnegie Steel Company produced more steel than Britain • Urbanization grew because of immigration; 40% of population lived in cities by 1900 • By 1900, U.S. had become the world’s richest nation; serious problems existed: 9% of Americans owned 71% of wealth; labor unions organized; American Federation of Labor emerged as the main voice for labor but lacked real power

40. Expansion Abroad: • Samoan Islands first colony of the United States • Hawaii: 1880s, trade agreements allowed Hawaiian sugar to be sold duty free in the U.S.; Hawaii lease Pearl Harbor to U.S.; 1891, Liliuokalani becomes queen – she is a nationalist who opposed U.S. control of the islands and worked to reduce the powerof U.S. merchants; 1893, with the help of U.S. marines, Sanford B. Dole removed Liliuokalani from power and claimed Hawaii a republic and requested the U.S. annex Hawaii; became a state in 1898 with little consideration of what Hawaiians wanted • 1898, U.S. defeats Spain in Spanish-American War; receive former Spanish colonies of the Philippines, Puerto Rico & Guam

41. Canada: • By 1871, the Dominion of Canada extended from Atlantic to Pacific; however unity was hard to achieve among the English and French speaking people • Wilfred Laurier: first French-Canadian prime minister; reconciled the two groups and industrialization boomed in his administration

42. International Rivalries: • - Bismark realized Germany’s emergence as the most powerful • European state upset the balance of power, therefore he created • a defense alliance with Austria-Hungry; few years later Italy joins • this alliance; becomes known as the Triple Alliance • 1890, William II fires Bismark and takes control of Germany’s • foreign policy; wanted to enhance German power; causes France • and Russia to form an alliance • 1907, Great Britain joins France and Russia with an entente; they • become known as The Triple Entente; stage is set for WWI

43. Crises in the Balkans: • - Balkan provinces of the Ottoman Empire gradually gained • independence; Greece, Serbia, Romaina and Montenegro • independent by 1878 • Bosnia and Herzegovina were annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1908; Serbs opposed annexation because they wanted to create a large Slavic nation; Russia supported the Serbians therefore Germany demands Russia recognize Austria-Hungary’s claim or face war; Russia backs down but vows revenge

44. Section 4: Toward the Modern Consciousness • M. A New Physics: • - Europeans still value ideals put forth by the scientific revolution and the Enlightenment; Reason, science, and progress were still important to Europeans • - Marie Curie: discovered an element called radium gave off energy that came from within the atom itself; provedatoms were not simply hard material bodies as Newton had purposed but small, active worlds

45. Albert Einstein: 1905; published his theory of relativity: states that space and time are not absolute but are relative to the observer; • he concluded that matter is another form of energy – led to an understanding of energy contained within in an atom – known as the Atomic Age

46. Freud and Psychoanalysis: • - 1900, published The Interpretation of Dreams; he argued human behavior was determined by past experiencesand internal forces of which people were unaware; therefore he concluded painful and unsettling experiences were repressed but continued to influence behavior because they were apart of your unconscious • - psychoanalysis: method by which therapist and patient could probe deep into the memory; if patient’s conscious mind could be made aware of what was contained in his unconscious then the patient could be healed

47. Social Darwinism and Racism: • - scientific theory misapplied; ideas were popular among nationalist and racist • - Herbert Spencer argued that social progress came from “the struggle for survival”; “the fit” – advanced while the weak declined • Extreme nationalist said nations were in a struggle for survival; • German Bernhardi said war was necessary to rid society of the weak and unfit • - Houston Stewart Chamberlain argued that Germans were the only pure successors of the Aryans, the supposed creators of Western culture, and that Jews were the enemy of the Aryan race

48. . Anti-Semitism and Zionism: • - Anti Semitism is hostility and discrimination against Jews; Since • Middle Ages, Jews had been portrayed as the murders of Christ, • subjected to mob violence, and had their rights restricted • - 1880s and 1890s, anti-Semitic political parties sprang up in • Germany and Austria-Hungary; won votes of people who felt • threatened by the changing economic forces • - worst treatment of Jews occurred in Eastern Europe(72% of • world’s Jewish population lived here); Jews were forced to live in • certain regions of the country; persecutions and pogroms were • widespread • - To escape persecution, many Jews emigrated to the U.S. and • Palestine, where Zionist headed by Theodor Herzl wanted to • establish a Jewish homeland and state; remained a dream in the • early 1900s

49. . The Culture of Modernity: • - Literature: a group of writers known as the symbolist caused a literary revolution by arguing that art should be about the inner life of people and should serve only art, not social progress

50. Painting: • 1870 – 1914, impressionist worked and went out into the • countryside to paint nature directly; most famous Claude Monet and Pierre-Auguste Renoir • Postimpressionism arose in the 1880s; Vincent van Gough most famous; for him art was a spiritual experience; believed color was its own kind of language