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The Spectrum of Settlement

The Spectrum of Settlement. The Diversity of British Colonization of North America. I. Diverse Motives for Migration. Purer form of worship Acquiring wealth, land, and better social status Escape jail, bad marriage or life-long poverty Sense of adventure

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The Spectrum of Settlement

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  1. The Spectrum of Settlement The Diversity of British Colonization of North America

  2. I. Diverse Motives for Migration • Purer form of worship • Acquiring wealth, land, and better social status • Escape jail, bad marriage or life-long poverty • Sense of adventure • No single motivation adds to diversity of British colonization • Diversity of environmental factors encountered by colonists creates American subcultures from the outset

  3. II. The Chesapeake

  4. A. Virginia • Settlement at Jamestown in 1607 • Initially, no cooperation and no planting • Colony saved by the leadership of Captain John Smith • Land offered after 7 years of labor = indentured servanthood • The winter of 1609-1610 = “starving time” • Lord De La Warr institutes “Irish tactics” against Powhatans • John Rolfe experiments with tobacco in 1612

  5. Jamestown:The Three Ships

  6. Chesapeake Bay

  7. A. Virginia (cont.) • Reorganization of the colony in 1618 --economic diversification urged --headright system introduced • Many more men than women at first • Death in the early days: 8,000 arrive and only 1,200 survive to 1625 • Native American uprisings in 1622 and 1644

  8. Jamestown Housing

  9. Computer Reconstruction

  10. Tobacco • Native Plant • Commercialized by John Rolfe • Labor Intensive: 18 month from seed to harvest • Depletes the soil • Introduced indendured servitude and the headright system

  11. Virgina Settlement Patterns

  12. A. Virginia (cont.) • No shared sense of purpose in early days and Company officials were embezzling funds and exploiting indentures • Virginia becomes a royal colony in 1624: Virginia Co. is a abject failure--colony of only 1200 • Isolation becomes a fact of life for these colonists due to geography, land policy and tobacco economy • Leads to establishment of parishes or counties • Isolation retarded the growth of cities, schools, and churches

  13. Powhatan Confederacy

  14. Indian Foods

  15. Powhatan Village

  16. Powhatan Uprising, 1622

  17. House of Burgesses formed Introduction of African “slavery” Introduction of women by Virginia Co. Why was 1619 a pivotal year for the Chesapeake settlement?

  18. B. Maryland • Founder (Proprietor) = Second Lord Baltimore • Meant to stop Dutch influence to the north in New Netherlands • Large estates imagined by proprietor for colonists who would become lords of their manor—headright system adopted instead • Meant to be a refuge for Catholics offering some measure of religious toleration—Act for Religious Toleration (1649) • Great political instability • Built around a tobacco economy

  19. III. New England

  20. A. Pilgrims and Plimouth Plantation • Separatists • First fled to Holland (1608-1609) • Traveled to America on the Mayflower (1620) Led by William Bradford “Mayflower Compact” • Significance of Squanto and Samoset • Limited economic opportunities • Absorbed by Massachusetts Bay colony in 1691

  21. B. Puritans and Massachusetts Bay Co. “..we shall be a city on a hill.” Desire to reform English (Anglican) Church, not separate from it Sparked the English Civil War in 1642 Political and religious crisis in 1629 led to Puritan exodus to America John Winthrop leads Puritans to the Boston area in 1630: 1200 settlers “ The Great Puritan Migration”: 1630-1642

  22. B. Massachusetts (cont.) • Believed in predestination and the covenant of grace • Unified vision and holy mission: “city on a hill” • Entire community included in God’s covenant • Disorder was considered very sinful • The significance of the “conversion relation” • Congregational form of church government • Govt officials approved by church elders

  23. B. Massachusetts (cont.) • Came as nuclear families • “grandparents” • Fairly wide franchise for the time • Town = center of public life with the meeting house at its center • Compact villages enhanced church attendance and spiritual surveillance • Agricultural practices • Villagers paid taxes to support minister and participated in the local militia

  24. B. Massachusetts (cont.) • Harmony, unity and rule of law were emphasized • Low mortality  average life expectancy was 70 years of age. • Many extended families. • Average 6 children per family. • Average age at marriage: • Women – 22 years old • Men – 27 years old. • Puritans established four other colonies: New Hampshire, Connecticut, New Haven and Rhode Island

  25. Puritan Rebels • Young, popular minister in Salem = Roger Williams • Argued for a full break with the Anglican Church. • Condemned MA Bay Charter. • Did not give fair compensation to Indians. • Denied authority of civil govt. to regulate religious behavior. • 1635  found guilty preaching ‘newe & dangerous opinions’ and was exiled.

  26. More Puritan Rebels • Intelligent, strong-willed,well-spoken woman. • Threatened patriarchal control. • Antinomialism [direct revelation] • Means “against the law.” • Direct connection to God • Holy life was no sure sign of salvation. • Truly saved didn’t need to obey the law of or man.

  27. Rhode Island: The “Sewer” • 1636  Roger Williams fled there. • MA Bay Puritans had wanted to exile him to England to prevent him from founding a competing colony. • Remarkable political freedom in Providence, RI • Universal manhood suffrage  later restricted by a property qualification. • Opposed to special privilege of any kind  freedom of opportunity for all. • RI becomes known as the “Sewer” because it is seen by the Puritans as a dumping ground for unbelievers and religious dissenters  Most liberal than any other colony.

  28. New England Expands

  29. New England Settlement Patterns

  30. Puritans v Indians • Pequots  verypowerful tribein CT river valley. • 1637  PequotWar • Puritans, withNarragansettIndian allies,attacked Pequotvillage on Mystic River. • Puritans set fire to homes & shot fleeing survivors! • Pequot tribe virtually annihilated an uneasy peace lasted for 40 years.

  31. Puritans v Indians: King Philips War • Only hope for Native Americans to resist white settlers was to UNITE. • Metacom [King Philip to white settlers] • Massasoit’s son united Indians and staged coordinated attacks on white settlements throughout New England. • Frontier settlements forced to retreat to Boston. • The war ended in failure for the Indians • Metacom beheaded and drawn and quartered; wife and son sold into slavery in the West Indies

  32. IV. Middle Colonies

  33. A. New York • First settled by the Dutch in 1624 • Great ethnic diversity—most heterogeneous colony in North America • Colony was easily conquered by the English in 1664 and given by the King to his brother, James, Duke of York • Somewhat of a royal attempt to surround the Puritans • Closest thing to manorialism evolves here along the Hudson River– New York Patroons

  34. B. New Jersey • Also carved out of New Netherlands—awarded to a group of proprietors by Duke of York • Great ethnic diversity • Tremendous religious diversity: Quakers, Anglicans, Puritans, Scottish Presbyterians, Dutch Calvinists and Swedish Lutherans—leads to real political instability • Colony splits in two temporarily • Becomes a royal colony in 1702 • No major ports and limited economic advantages

  35. C. Pennsylvania • Established as a refuge for Quakers • Founder = William Penn • Relations with Native Americans were good from the start • Penn bought the 3 lower counties of New York from the Duke of York in 1682—becomes Delaware • Penn granted colonists religious toleration and no taxation without representation • Philadelphia = one of the first planned American cities

  36. C. Pennsylvania (cont.) • Penn promoted his colony with great success throughout Europe—leads to tremendous ethnic diversity in Pennsylvania • Penn’s stay in America was short and unhappy --Mason-Dixon Line • Colony prospers agriculturally (wheat) but suffers political instability • Delaware becomes separate colony in 1704 • Penn dies in 1718—broken and in prison for debt

  37. V. Carolina • No “Solid South” even in the colonial era • Carolinas = political plum given to Stuart faithful following the English Civil War • Generous land policy, representative assembly and religious toleration offered --John Locke’s Fundamental Constitution • Another failed attempt to create a conservative American pseudo-feudalism • Poor land, poor climate and no good harbor discouraged settlement

  38. V. Carolina (cont.) • Key proprietor in the ultimate success of this colony = Ashley Cooper • Search for a money-making crop consumed the early history of this region • Half of the population before 1680 came from an overpopulated Barbados—so this colony is more like the West Indies than any other mainland colony • Colonists engaged in Native American slave trade • Only British colony with a Black majority

  39. V. Carolina (cont.) • Key city = Charles Town • Proprietary government overthrown in 1719 • Area divided and two royal colonies were created in 1729: South Carolina and North Carolina • Carolinas were fairly tolerant religiously

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