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Unit 2

Unit 2. Unit: 2 Foundations of GROUP Behaviour. “Group is defined as two or more individuals, interacting & interdependent, who have come together to achieve particular objectives.” Groups can be either formal or informal.

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Unit 2

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  1. Unit 2

  2. Unit: 2 FoundationsofGROUPBehaviour “Group is defined as two or more individuals, interacting & interdependent, who have come together to achieve particular objectives.” Groups can be either formal or informal. # Formal Group: Designated work group defined by the organisation structure. Group behaviour is directed towards organisation goals. # Informal Group: Not formally structured/ determined. These groups are natural formations in the work environment that appear in response to need for social contact. Q. which is ur group? 2 Dr. Jitendra K. Sharma

  3. Group There are other types of groups: # Command Group: Determined by the organisation chart. Consists of a manger and immediate subordinates. Eg: Principal, HoD, Teachers etc… # Task Group: Organizationally determined group consisting of cross-command groups, not limited to immediate supervisor. Eg: committee. # Interest Group: It is a group working to attain a specific objective with which each is concerned. Eg: support a peer who has been fired. # Friendship Group: Group of people brought together because they share one or more common characteristics. These can extend outside the work situation. Eg: Rock band, sports team 3 Dr. Jitendra K. Sharma

  4. Group • Q. Why people join groups? • SECURITY, • STATUS, • SELF-ESTEEM, • AFFILIATION, • POWER, • GOAL ACHIEVEMENT • STAGES OF GROUP DEVELOPMENT: • Five-stage model of group development • FORMING, • STORMING, • NORMING, • PERFORMING, • ADJOURNING. 4 Dr. Jitendra K. Sharma

  5. Group FIVE STAGES OF GROUP DEVELOPMENT: FORMING STORMING NORMING PERFORMING ADJOURNING 5 Dr. Jitendra K. Sharma PIMR

  6. Group • Stages of group formation & development: • FORMING: Uncertainty about the group, structure, purpose and leadership. • 2. STORMING: In this stage members accept the existence of the group, but there is conflict over leader. • 3. NORMING: In this stage, the leader starts coordinating and the group shows a group identity. • 4. PERFORMING: Group members know each other & perform the job well. • For permanent groups, it is the last stage... • 5. ADJOURNING: It is seen in temporary groups like team, Committee,task force having limited task to perform. Group members start winding up of activities.. 6

  7. Group Group Process: Intra-Group and Inter-Group process: a. Intra-Group process: by Team-building. It utilizes high-interaction group activities to increase trust & openness. b. Inter-Group process: Each group meets with other separately to develop the lists of perception of itself and other group. They identify the differences and move to integration.. 7 Dr. Jitendra K. Sharma

  8. Group Q. Why some groups are more effective than others? GROUP BEHAVIOUR MODEL: success of a group depends on many variables like: Group Task (E) Group member resources (B) External conditions imposed on group (A) Performance & Satisfaction (F) Group processes (D) Group Structure (C ) 8 Dr. Jitendra K. Sharma

  9. Group behaviour model: Variables 1. External conditions: it includes company strategy, authority, resources, selection process, performance appraisal etc. 2. Group Member Resources: includes Knowledge, skills, abilities & personality of members. Eg: Cricket 3. Group Structure: Leader, Roles, group size, composition, degree of unity. 4. Group processes: # SYNERGY: An action of a group that results in a performance more than the individual sum of performance of members. (1+1 =11) # Social facilitation effect: The tendency for performance to improve or DECLINE in response to the presence of others. 5. Group Task: Simple or complex… 9 Dr. Jitendra K. Sharma

  10. A. External conditions: • Overall Strategy: Strategy of the organization defines its goals and the ways by which it can be attained. • Authority Structure: It defines who has to report to whom in the organization. What decision to be taken, how to be taken and who will take? • Formal Rules and Regulation: The rules and regulations of the organization standardizes the behavior of the individual.

  11. A. External conditions: 4. Resources: Money. Material, Machine, Method and Manpower. Among all most important one is HR. 5. Employee Selection: Important for any organization. If it is weak then surely it will affect negatively whereas strong selection process can lead to top of the org. 6. Performance- Evaluation and Reward System: It is one of the ways to motivate the most important resources of the org. 7. Culture: Standard of acceptable and unacceptable behavior. 8. Work Setting: Lighting, neat and clean environments, noise free….

  12. B. Group Member Resources: • Knowledge, skills and abilities. • Personal characteristics.

  13. C. Group Structure • Formal Group Leadership: Supervisor, Coach, Department Manager, Committee Chairman, Task Force Head, Project Leader. • Group Roles: Set of expected behavior patterns attributed to someone occupying a given position in a social unit. 2.1 Role Identity: 2.2 Role Perception 2.3 Role Expectation Psychological Contract 2.4 Role Conflict

  14. C. Group Structure 3. Group Norms: Acceptable standards of behavior within a group. • Performance related norms • Appearance related norms • Social arrangement related norms • Allocation of resources related norms. 4. Status: A socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others. 5. Size: 6. Cohesiveness:

  15. Cohesiveness-Productivity Relationship Cohesiveness Low High High Performance Norms Low

  16. D. Group Processes (+) Process Gains Synergy • Communication • Leadership • conflict Actual Group Effectiveness Potential Group Effectiveness (-) Process losses Social Loafing

  17. Group Decision Making techniques 1. Interacting groups: most common technique, where members interact face-to-face. (meetings) 2. Brainstorming: Idea-generating process that encourages creative alternatives without any criticism of alternatives. 3. Nominal group technique: Individual members meet face-to-face to pool their judgments in a systematic manner. 4. Electronic Meeting: Members do not meet face-to-face, but interact on computers. Q. Which is most effective ??? 17 Dr. Jitendra K. Sharma

  18. TEAM Q. What is a Team? The performance of group is the total of each group member’s personal contribution. A Team is a group whose individual efforts result in a performance that is greater than the sum of individual contribution. Difference: Group Team (formal) 18 Dr. Jitendra K. Sharma

  19. Characteristics • Clear Purpose • Informality • Participation • Listening • Civilized Disagreement • Consensus Decision Making • Open Communication • Clear Role and Work assignment • Self assessment

  20. Types • Work Teams • Problem solving Teams • Management Teams • Virtual Teams

  21. Team Q. How team effectiveness is decided? TEAM EFFECTIVENESS MODEL: 4 Variables: COMPOSITION: * Ability *Personality *Role & diversity * Size * Flexibility * Preference to team work CONTEXT: * Adequate Resources * Leadership * Climate of Trust *Performance evaluation & rewards PROCESS: * Common Purpose * Specific goals * Team efficacy * Conflict * Social loafing WORK DESIGN * Autonomy * Skill Variety * Task Identity * Task Significance Team Effectiveness _ 21 Dr. Jitendra K. Sharma

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