The Earth Alive and Well?

1. The Earth Alive and Well?

2. Jimmy Carter “It is good to realize that if love and peace can prevail on earth, and if we can teach our children to honor nature's gifts, the joys and beauties of the outdoors will be here forever.”

3. Chief Seattle’s Thoughts 1854 • How can you buy or sell the sky, the warmth of the land? The idea is strange to us. • If we do not own the freshness of the air and the sparkle of the water, how can you buy them? • Every part of this earth is sacred to my people. • Every shining pine needle, every sandy shore, every mist in the dark woods, every clearing and humming insect is holy in the memory and experience of my people. • The sap which courses through the trees carries the memories of the red man.

4. Earth Dynamics • The Myth of Solid Ground

5. Earth Cross Section • www.geol.lsu.edu/.../EarthSection.jpg

6. The Ring of Fire

7. Earthquakes in the Pacific Northwest PNSN earthquake map

8. Latest Earthquakes in the World - Past 7 daysWorldwide earthquakes with M4.0+ located by USGS and Contributing Agencies. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/recenteqsww/index.php?old=world.html

9. Mt. St. Helens 7/25/07

10. Mt. St. Helens 10/7/2004

11. Mt. St. Helens 5/18/1980

12. Mt. St. Helens Before/After http://www.discoverourearth.org/student/volcanoes/images/st_helens_mosaic3.gif

13. First Law of Thermodynamics • Energy is not created or destroyed • Energy only changes form • Can’t get something for nothing • Energy input = Energy output

14. Second Law of Thermodynamics • In every transformation, some energy quality is lost • You can’t break even in terms of energy quality • Second Law greatly affects life

15. Cycles of the Earth

19. The Carbon Cycle (Marine) Diffusion between atmosphere and ocean Combustion of fossil fuels Carbon dioxide dissolved in ocean water aerobic respiration photosynthesis Marine food webs Producers, consumers, decomposers, detritivores incorporation into sediments uplifting over geologic time death, sedimentation sedimentation Marine sediments, including formations with fossil fuels

20. The Carbon Cycle (Terrestrial) Atmosphere (most carbon is in carbon dioxide) Combustion of fossil fuels volcanic action combustion of wood (for clearing land; or fuel) aerobic respiration photosynthesis Terrestrial rocks deforestaion Land food webs Producers, consumers, decomposers, detritivores weathering Soil water (dissolved carbon) Peat, fossil fuels death, burial, compaction over geologic time leaching, runoff

21. Gaseous Nitrogen (N2) in Atmosphere Nitrogen Fixation by industry for agriculture Food Webs on Land uptake by autotrophs uptake by autotrophs excretion, death, decomposition Fertilizers Nitrogen Fixation bacteria convert N2 to ammonia (NH3); this dissolves to form ammonium (NH4+) Denitrification by bacteria NO3– in Soil Nitrogenous Wastes, Remains in Soil Ammonification bacteria, fungi convert the residues to NH3; this dissolves to form NH4+ 2. Nitrification bacteria convert NO2– to nitrate (NO3–) NH3, NH4+ in Soil 1. Nitrification bacteria convert NH4+ to nitrite (NO2–) NO2– in Soil loss by leaching loss by leaching The Nitrogen Cycle

22. The Phosphorus Cycle mining Fertilizer Guano excretion agriculture uptake by autotrophs uptake by autotrophs Land Food Webs Dissolved in Soil Water, Lakes, Rivers leaching, runoff Dissolved in Ocean Water Marine Food Webs death, decomposition weathering weathering settling out sedimentation uplifting over geologic time Rocks Marine Sediments

23. The Sulfur Cycle Water Ammonia Acidic fog and precipitation Sulfur trioxide Sulfuric acid Ammonium sulfate Oxygen Hydrogen sulfide Sulfur dioxide Plants Volcano Dimethyl sulfide Animals Industries Ocean Sulfate salts Metallic Sulfide deposits Decaying matter Sulfur Hydrogen sulfide

24. Weather and Climate • Differences between weather and climate • Major factors determining climate • Uneven heating of Earth’s surface • Earth’s rotation • Properties of air, water, and land

25. Earth’s Climatic Zones Miller 11th edition

26. Natural Greenhouse Effect (c) As concentrations of green-house gases rise, their molecules absorb and emit more infrared radiation, which adds more heat to the lower atmosphere. (b) The earth's surface absorbs much of the incoming solar radiation and degrades it to longer-wavelength infrared (IR) radiation, which rises into the lower atmosphere. Some of this IR radiation escapes into space as heat and some is absorbed by molecules of greenhouse gases and emitted as even longer wave-length IR radiation, which warms the lower atmosphere. (a) Rays of sunlight penetrate the lower atmosphere and warm the earth's surface. Miller 11th edition

27. Biomes • Climate effects on biomes • 12 major biomes • Biomes are not uniform (“mosaic of patches”) • Effects of latitude and longitude

28. Earth’s Major Biomes Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn Semidesert, arid grassland Arctic tundra (polar grasslands) Desert Boreal forest (taiga), evergreen conif forest (e.g., montane coniferous forest) Tropical rain forest, tropical evergreen forest Mountains (complex zonation) Tropical deciduous forest Temperate deciduous forest Ice Temperate grassland Tropical scrub forest Dry woodlands and shrublands (chaparral) Tropical savanna, thorn forest Miller 11th edition

29. Effects of Altitude and Latitude on Climate and Biomes Altitude Mountain Ice and snow Tundra (herbs, lichens, mosses) Coniferous Forest Deciduous Forest Latitude Tropical Forest Tropical Forest Deciduous Forest Coniferous Forest Tundra (herbs, lichens, mosses) Polar ice and snow Miller 11th edition

30. Biodiversity

31. http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/about/environment/faqs/biodiversity.jpghttp://www2.warwick.ac.uk/about/environment/faqs/biodiversity.jpg

32. Living Planet Report 2008

33. Living Planet Report 2008

34. Path to Change LPR 2006

35. The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 • The purposes of this Act are: To declare a national policy which will encourage productive and enjoyable harmony between man and his environment; to promote efforts which will prevent or eliminate damage to the environment and biosphere and stimulate the health and welfare of man; to enrich the understanding of the ecological systems and natural resources important to the Nation; and to establish a Council on Environmental Quality.

36. U.S. May Expand Access To Endangered Species • The Bush administration is proposing far-reaching changes to conservation policies that would allow hunters, circuses and the pet industry to kill, capture and import animals on the brink of extinction in other countries. • Giving Americans access to endangered animals, officials said, would feed the gigantic U.S. demand for live animals, skins, parts and trophies, and generate profits that would allow poor nations to pay for conservation of the remaining animals and their habitat. • By Shankar Vedantam Washington Post Staff WriterSaturday, October 11, 2003

37. Endangered Species Listed by President

38. President and Species Listed

39. Government agrees to list Puget Sound orcas as endangered species • Tuesday, November 15, 2005 SEATTLE POST-INTELLIGENCER • After years of legal challenges, Puget Sound orcas have been granted federal protection as an endangered species, officials announced this morning. • Citing new information and analysis, NOAA Fisheries Service officials acknowledged that the local killer whales were at risk of extinction and reversed an earlier decision not to give the iconic orcas protection under the Endangered Species Act.

40. Building, Farm Groups Challenge Orca Endangered Species Listing March 22, 2006 • SEATTLE - The Washington state Farm Bureau and the Building Industry Association of Washington filed suit in federal court this week, seeking to invalidate the listing of Puget Sound's killer whales as an endangered species.

41. October 21, 2005Salmon versus Agricultural and Commercial Interests • Uncle Sam is getting hammered in federal courts for failing to protect endangered salmon... The US Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals Tuesday rejected the Bush administration's water diversion plan for the Klamath River in California and Oregon because it does not protect the river's coho salmon, listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act. Just a few days earlier, a federal judge in Portland, Ore., said he has had it with failed attempts to recover wild salmon (not to be confused with the hatchery fish)

42. White House Blocking Whale Protection Rule (5/13/08) A third memo shows interference by the office of Vice President Cheney. According to the memo, Cheney's staff "contends that we have no evidence (i.e., hard data) that lowering the speeds of 'large ships' will actually make a difference." In response, NOAA staff cited records of collisions in which right whales were killed or seriously injured and again argued in favor of ship speed limits.

43. State will sue over polar bear listing, Palin saysSPECIES STATUS: Unreliable data, threat to energy development cited.By DAN JOLINGThe Associated PressPublished: May 22nd, 2008 01:26 AMLast Modified: May 22nd, 2008 10:10 AM The State of Alaska will sue to challenge the recent listing of polar bears as a threatened species, Gov. Sarah Palin said Wednesday. She and other Alaska elected officials fear a listing will cripple oil and gas development in prime polar bear habitat off the state's northern and northwestern coasts. Palin argued there is not enough evidence to support a listing. Polar bears are well-managed and their population has dramatically increased over 30 years as a result of conservation, she said.

44. DDT Problems of the Past DDT spraying wipes out fish hatchery Big Yellow Taxi http://archives.cbc.ca/IDCC-1-75-1254-7076/science_technology/tree_pests/

45. DDT Continuing Problems Lake Chelan DDT and PCBs in Fish Total Maximum Daily Load Study Washington State Department of Ecology June 2005 Mackinaw from the Wapato basin require a 97% reduction in total DDT, a 63% reduction in total PCBs, and a 90% reduction in dioxin toxic equivalent quotients. Rainbow trout from Roses Lake require a 67% reduction in total DDT. Tributaries and drains to the lakes require reductions in total DDT loads from up to 97% for Lake Chelan and 95% for the orchard drain to Roses Lake.

46. Lake Chelan Fish Consumption Washington State Department of Health Publication # 334-082