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Psychology Final Exam: Key Concepts and Review

Get prepared for your psychology final exam with a comprehensive review of key concepts including classical and operant conditioning, Vicarious learning, generalization and discrimination, reinforcement schedules, and theories of learning. Understand important theories and applications to excel in the exam.

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Psychology Final Exam: Key Concepts and Review

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  1. Final Review

  2. Info for the final • 35 MC = 1 mark each • 35 marks total • = 40% of exam mark • 15 FB = 2 marks each • 30 marks total • = 33% of exam mark • 8 SA = 3 marks each • 24 marks total • = 27% of exam mark

  3. Final info • 10 MC, 3-4 FB, 3 SA on first half of course • 25 MC, 11-12 FB, 5 SA on second half • You get 2 hours (plus maybe ½ hour) to complete exam • You can bring a calculator, but all equations are quite simple so you won’t need it

  4. In comparison to midterm • I think the MC are a bit easier • SA are probably a bit more difficult • More “why” questions…

  5. Chapters 1 & 2 • More focus on ‘big topics’ like classical and operant conditioning, so you don’t need to focus on these chapters too much • You should know the basics… • Simple learning: habituation and sensitization • Innate behaviours: reflexes, FAPs, GBTs • How to evaluate research

  6. Chapter 3 & 4 • Chapter 3 = Classical conditioning • Chapter 4 = applications of CC • Focus more on Chapter 3 – if you know that stuff, you should be able to figure out applications… • What is learned during classical conditioning? • Types of conditioning • Factors: contiguity, contingency, stimulus factors, prior experience • Theories: Stimulus Substitution, Preparatory Response

  7. Chapters 5 & 6 • Operant Reinforcement & Punishment • How does learning occur? (contingencies, shaping, chaining) • Factors: Contingency, Contiguity, reinforcer/punisher characteristics • Introductory levels of reinforcer/punisher? • Theories: Hull’s Drive Reduction, Relative Value (Premack), Response Deprivation, • Learned Helplessness (how it fits in with escape & avoidance)

  8. Chapter 7 • Applications of operant learning • Techniques for self-control • Insight • Superstition • Verbal behaviour • Know how operant learning can create these behaviours

  9. Chapter 8 • Vicarious learning • What isn’t vicarious learning? How to tell these apart from actual vicarious learning? • Theories: Bandura’s theory, Millard-Dollard theory • Applications: • Aggression • Therapy & Modelling

  10. Chapter 9 • Generalization & Discrimination • How to read gradients? • Types of discrimination training • Opponent Process Theory & Peak Shift • Lashley-Wade theory & experience • Absolute vs Relative concepts

  11. Chapter 10 • Schedules • FR, VR – based on number of responses

  12. Chapter 10 • Schedules • FI, VI – based on amount of time, but STILL CONTINGENT ON BEHAVIOUR

  13. Chapter 10 • Schedules • FT, VT – reinforcer delivered after time period, NOT CONTINGENT ON BEHAVIOUR!

  14. Chapter 10 • Schedules • FD, VD – behaviour performed for whole amount of time • More appropriate for continuous behaviours, like wheel running, practicing piano • Know how major schedules (FR, VR, FI, VI) compare • Response rates & extinction

  15. Chapter 10 • Continuous Reinforcement vs Intermittent schedules • Partial Reinforcement Effect • Hypotheses: discrimination, frustration, sequential, response unit

  16. Matching Law • B = behaviour  this is what is measured • R = response rate • A = amount • Q = quality

  17. Examples of matching law questions: • An experimenter sets up a choice experiment with VI5 and VI10 minute schedules. What is the reinforcement rate per hour on each key? • VI5  60/5 = 12 reinf/hour • VI10  60/10 = 6 reinf/hour • The pigeon pecks at key1 (VI5) 450 times in 1 hour. If the matching law is in effect, how many times will the pigeon peck at key2? • 12/(12+6) = 450/(450 + x)  solve for x • x = 225

  18. Chapter 11 • Forgetting • Ways to test • Effect of context, cue-dependent forgetting • Proactive & retroactive interference • State-dependent learning

  19. Chapter 12 • Continuum of preparedness • Autoshaping, biological preparedness, instinctual drift • Critical periods

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