1 / 21

Species Interactions

Species Interactions. Important in determining – population dynamics community composition landscape spatial pattern ecosystem function. T. Kittel, W. Bowman Univ of Colorado. General Categories Assigned by effect on the two individual organisms interacting:

kcrisman
Download Presentation

Species Interactions

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Species Interactions • Important in determining – • population dynamics • community composition • landscape spatial pattern • ecosystem function T. Kittel, W. Bowman Univ of Colorado

  2. General Categories • Assigned by effect on the two individual organisms interacting: • +, + = mutualism N2 fixation, mycorrhizae • +, 0 = commensalism Nurse plants • –, 0/+ = amensalism Allelopathy • –, + = parasitism • herbivory / predation • –,– = competition Intra & interspecific • Can be more complicated than direct interactions of 2 individuals •  mediated through a 3rd individual or species • soil microbes, herbivores influence competitive interactions

  3. Plant-Animal • Pollination • Insects • Birds • Hummingbirds • Bats • Fruit dispersal • Defense • Ants Mucuna holtonii, Central America Rhinoceros Hornbill eating Strangler Fig fruits, Borneo Azteca Ants on Cecropai, Panama • A. Mutualism (+, +) • Plant-Microbe • Mycorrhizae • N–fixation • Lichen

  4. Lesser Long-nosed Bat Rufous Hummingbird • “Nectar corridors” • Sequence of flowering plants Monarch Butterfly White-winged Dove Arizona-Sonoran Desert Museum www.desertmuseum.org/pollination/ “The Forgotten Pollinators” • Long–distance migratory pollinators • Threatened – habitat loss • Keystone species

  5. Staghorn fern • B.Commensalism (+,0) • Plant-Plant • 1) Vines • 2) Epiphytes • Bromeliads • Orchids • Cacti • Ferns • Lichen • Moss • Algae moss v. lichen Atlantic Forest, Brazil

  6. Exceptions – • Mutualism – • Lichen with cyanobacteria: N leaching, benefit to tree • Epiphytic commensalism goes bad • Detrimental overburden • Competition • Strangulation • Overtopping Strangler fig

  7. Pueraria montana var. lobata • Oriental Bittersweet • Vine, introduced from e. Asia • Invasion in eastern US Celastrus orbiculata • Kudzu • – “the vine that ate the south” • Introduced 1876 from Asia • Planted for soil conservation 1930’s

  8. Piñon pine under Sagebrush A. Commensalism – continued • 2) Nurse plants • Saguaros under Palo Verde • Desert annuals under shrubs

  9. Red-footed Booby in Mangrove Galápagos Is. Oropendola nests, Roraima Brazil Iran Jaya's People of the Trees Titi monkey, São Paulo Brazil Plant-animal commensalism – Habitat • nesting • roosting • hunting for other animals • shelter from other animals

  10. Larrea tridentata - Creosote •  Difficult to show in field Big sagebrush with native bunchgrasses growing under canopy • C. Amensalism (– , 0/+) • Allelochemical Interactions • Plant–Plant • Allelopathy • Plant–Animal • Herbivory defenses • Plant–Decomposer • > Litter composition  soil pH  soil biota: • Conifer low pH fungi favored, • Temperate Deciduous  neutral bacteria • > Plant leakage of compounds detrimental to soil biota

  11. D. Parasitism(–,+) • Dodder (Cuscuta) – • stem parasite • no chlorophyll = holoparasite

  12. Coral root orchid - Corallarhiza maculata root parasite on pines

  13. Dwarf mistletoe– holoparasite Arceuthobium cyanocarpum Staminate plant (left) and carpellate plant (right) on Pinus ponderosa Arceuthobium americanum Carpellate plant on Pinus contorta • Mistletoe – • stem parasite • differing degrees of chlorophyll • with chlorophyll = hemiparasite • w/o holoparasite

  14. Phoradendron tomentosum on hackberry (Celtis laevigata), preferred host Broadleaf (Hairy) mistletoe - hemiparasite

  15. More hemiparasites: • Indian paintbrush – Castilleja spp. • Root parasite

  16. if mutualisms among plant species occur, should be a positive association • they should occur closer together (clumped) than predicted by chance (random) Inferenceof species interactions on the landscape • If species interactions are important to plant species – Should be reflected in the spatial patterns of individuals (inter and intraspecific)

  17. Larrea tridentata - Creosote Landscape spatial patterning (con’t) • if amensalism occurs, should be pushed away from each other •  giving an even distribution

  18. Landscape spatial patterning (con’t) • Under competition – competitive exclusion leads to • range separation • niche partitioning Non-overlapping geographic ranges of five species of large kangaroo rats

  19. Within–canopy distribution • Amazonian tree – • The long roots dangling from the crown probably belong to Philodendrons • On the middle and upper branches cluster groups of orchids, bromeliads, and ferns – including staghorn fern • Low on the trunk are Arums & Philodendrons with heart-shaped leaves

  20. Keystone species • Presence of a species determines community structure disproportionately to population size

  21. Summary – Species Interactions • Plants and animals engaged in interactions with wide range of other taxa • Positive, detrimental, or neutral effects of one species on another • Reflected in spatial patterns – random vs. even vs. uniform • Reflected in community structure – Keystone species

More Related