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Swedish International Development Agency

A pplying C LEANER PRODUCTION to M ULTILATERAL E NVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS. ACME. Introduction to UNFCC & Kyoto protocol. S ESSION 4. United Nations Environment Program Division of Technology Industry and Economy. Swedish International Development Agency.

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Swedish International Development Agency

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  1. ApplyingCLEANER PRODUCTION to MULTILATERAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS ACME Introduction to UNFCC & Kyoto protocol SESSION4 United Nations Environment ProgramDivision of Technology Industry and Economy Swedish International Development Agency

  2. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 2 / 48 OUTLINE Objectives of this session • 1/ Background information • > What is the greenhouse effect and its impact on the climate system? • 2/ Climate Change • > How is climate change linked to human activities? • 3/ UNFCCC > What are the objectives of UNFCCC and how is it organised? • 4/ The Kyoto protocol • > What greenhouse gases are targeted? • > What are the 3 implementation mechanisms? • 5/ CP and Kyoto Protocol • > How can industry in developing countries use CP as a tool to identify opportunities for projects under the Kyoto protocol? • 6/ Information and tools • > Tools and information about CP and the Kyoto protocol

  3. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 3 / 48 CLIMATE CHANGE Introduction to Climate Change A few basic facts > Human activities are releasing greenhouse gases (GHG) into the atmosphere. > Climate change is a global issue: 1 tCO2 emitted in India = 1 tCO2 emitted in USA. > Rising levels of greenhouse gases are already changing the climate. > Climate models predict the global temperature will rise by about1,4 to 5,8 degrees by 2100. > Climate change is likely to have a significant impact on the global environment, economy and society.

  4. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 4 / 48 BACKGROUND Planets and atmospheres Thin atmosphere (CO2 in the ground) Average temperature: - 50°C 0,03% of CO2 in the atmosphere Average temperature: + 15°C MARS EARTH VENUS 96% of CO2 in the atmosphere Average temperature: + 420°C

  5. 1) Solar radiation 2) Reflected back to space 3) Absorbed by atmosphere 4) Infra-red radiations emitted from Earth 2 5) Some of the IR passes through the atmosphere 1 3 6) Some is absorbed and re-emitted by greenhouse gas molecules 4 6 5 ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 5 / 48 BACKGROUND The greenhouse gaz effect The effect is increasing temperatures on Earth

  6. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 6 / 48 BACKGROUND Present carbon cycle Storage and flux of carbon(in billions of tones) SPEED OF EXCHANGE PROCESS Very fast (less than 1 year) Fast (1 to 10 years) Slow (10 to 100 years) Very slow (more than 100 years)

  7. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 7 / 48 BACKGROUND Human activity influence

  8. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 8 / 48 BACKGROUND Variation of the temperature on Earth

  9. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol -9 / 48 BACKGROUND Temperature trends (1976 to 2000)

  10. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 10 / 48 BACKGROUND Precipitation trends (1900 to 2000)

  11. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 11 / 48 BACKGROUND Climate change tends by 2100 PRECIPITATIONS TEMPERATURE 5 degrees= What separates us from the last glacial era (-15 000 BC) Models’ forecasts : +1,4to +5,8 degrees by 2100. Source : IPCC/SRESA2

  12. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 12 / 48 CLIMATE CHANGE Visual impact of Climate Change

  13. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 13 / 48 CLIMATE CHANGE Impact of Climate Change on society …Katrina, Rita, Stan, Wilma… Climate change will cause heavier tropical cyclones.

  14. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 14 / 48 CLIMATE CHANGE Cost of extreme weather events

  15. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 15 / 48 CLIMATE CHANGE Less visual but with major impact Agriculture and food security Crop yields, irrigation demands... Consequences of climate change: Forest Composition, health and productivity... Water resources Water supply, water quality... Coastal areas Erosion, inundation, cost of prevention... Species and natural areas Biodiversity, modification of ecosystems... > Temperature increase > Sea level rise > More rain Human health Infectious diseases, human settlements...

  16. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 16 / 48 UNFCCC Overview of UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change • A global legal instrument (international agreement) on the control and management of greenhouse gases (GHG). • Adopted in 1992, entered into force in 1994. • Status of participation: 189 Parties. • Contains 2 annexes: • Annex 1: countries with obligations to take measures to mitigate the effects of climate change • Annex 2: countries with obligations to provide financing to developing countries for their obligations under UNFCC • Affiliated instruments: Kyoto Protocol.

  17. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 17 / 48 UNFCCC Overall goal and objectives • What is the overall goal? • “ to protect the climate system for the benefit of present and future generations of mankind. ” • What are the further objectives? • “ to achieve stabilisation of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. ”

  18. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 18 / 48 UNFCCC Time taken to reach equilibrium CO2 concentration, temperature, and sea level continue to rise long after emissions are reduced !

  19. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 19 / 48 UNFCCC Means to achieve the objectives What can be done to protect the climate system? > Enhancement of energy efficiency in relevant sectors and development of new and renewable energy forms/sources. > Protection of sinks and reservoirs of GHGs. > Limitation and reduction of transport and waste management-related emissions. > Policy changes toward elimination of market imperfections and implementation of market-based instruments, and policy reform to support GHG limits and reductions.

  20. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 20 / 48 UNFCCC Institutional framework

  21. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 21 / 48 UNFCCC Organisation of the Convention

  22. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 22 / 48 UNFCCC National level actors National UNFCCC focal points > Responsible for the Government’s interaction and communication with UNFCCC. > Usually a specific ministry / department. > Usually interacting with a wide range of other organizations / stakeholders at the national level. National CDM or JI organizations (DNA) > Specific organization (authority) that is responsible for approving CDM and JI activities at the national level. > Often, but not always, the same as the National Focal Point.

  23. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 23 / 48 KYOTO PROTOCOL Bringing UNFCCC into action • The Kyoto Protocol • > An addition to UNFCCC that requires developed countries to limit their GHG emissions in 2012, as compared to their emissions in 1990. • > Provides detailed methods and mechanismsfor how the emission reductions can be achieved, measured and verified. • > All members in UNFCCC have not agreed to sign the Kyoto Protocol! • A long process of ratification • > Adopted in 1997, but required the ratification of more than 55 countries representing more than 55% of GHG emissions. • > Entered into force on February 16th, 2005 after ratification of the Russian Federation (now 163 countries covering 61.6% of global emissions have ratified the protocol).

  24. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 24 / 48 KYOTO PROTOCOL A market-based instrument • Kyoto Protocol characteristics • > Commits Annex 1 countries to reduce GHG emissions by 5.2% by 2012 compared to 1990. • > Actual commitment period: 2008 - 2012. • > Individual goals for each country. • 3 mechanisms to help countries to reach their commitments • > ETS - Emissions Trading System • > CDM - Clean Development Mechanism(session 5) • > JI - Join Implementation(session 6) • 6 greenhouse gases: CO2, CH4, N2O, PFCs, HFCs, SF6.

  25. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 25 / 48 UNFCCC Ratification of the Kyoto protocol Signed and ratifiedSigned, ratification pendingSigned, ratification declinedNo position

  26. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 26 / 48 KYOTO PROTOCOL Greenhouse gases and GWP

  27. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 27 / 48 KYOTO PROTOCOL List of countries in Annex 1 AustraliaAustriaBelarusBelgiumBulgariaCanada CroatiaCzech RepDenmarkEC Estonia FinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungary IcelandIrelandItalyJapan Latvia LiechtensteinLithuaniaLuxembourgNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugal Romania Russia Slovakia Slovenia SpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUkraineUK USA *Countries with economies in transition to a market economy.* Countries which did not ratify Kyoto protocol.

  28. Countries in Annex 1Economies in transitionAnnex 1 - Economies in transition ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 28 / 48 KYOTO PROTOCOL Greenhouse gas emissions in Annex 1 GHG emitted(in billions tons CO2 equivalent) Changes relative to 1990(in %)

  29. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 29 / 48 KYOTO PROTOCOL Emissions’ evolution in Annex1 (2003) Decreased emissions in 2003 (1990 baseline) Increased emissions in 2003 (1990 baseline)

  30. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 30 / 48 KYOTO PROTOCOL Sectors concerned • Energy supply (24 to 48%of total GHG) • > Fuel combustion (energy production, manufacturing, transport, etc.) • > Fugitive emissions (oil and natural gas, solid fuels, etc.) • Industrial processes (5 to 36%of total GHG) • > Production (metal production, mineral products, chemical industry etc.) • > Consumption (halocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride, solvents etc.) • Waste management (primarily CH4) • > Solid waste disposal on land, incineration, wastewater handling etc. • Land use (0,3 to 9% of total GHG) • > Agriculture (enteric fermentation, manure management, rice cultivation, agricultural soils, prescribed burning of savannas, field burning of agricultural residues, etc.) • > Forestry.

  31. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 31 / 48 KYOTO PROTOCOL CO2 emissions from industrial process

  32. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 32 / 48 KYOTO PROTOCOL CO2 emissions from land use change

  33. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 33 / 48 KYOTO PROTOCOL “Flexible mechanisms” • ETS - Emissions Trading System • > Can be used as supplementary to actions to meet reduction commitments. • > OneAAU (Assigned Amount Units) represents the tradable right to emit one t CO2eq. • CDM - Clean Development Mechanism • > Allows public or private entities to invest in greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigating activities in developing countries. • > CERs (Certified Emission Reductions) can be used by the project investor to meet its own commitments, or sold on the open market. • JI - Joint Implementation • > Emission reduction projects implemented jointly between Annex I countries (developed countries and transition economies). • > ERUs (Emission Reduction Units) can be used by the project investor to meet its own commitments, or sold on the open market.

  34. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 34 / 48 KYOTO PROTOCOL CO2 market mechanisms Limitations of CO2 emissions in developed countries (Annex I) 4 options for companies 1/ Pay expensivefines. 2/ Carry out carbon reduction through processes improvement. 3/ Buy emissions credits on the CO2 market (ETS). 4/ Carry out carbon reduction through technology transfers in CDM or JI project.

  35. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 35 / 48 KYOTO PROTOCOL Key Opportunities for industrials • InDeveloping Countries (part of Annex 2): • No national GHG reduction commitments but opportunity to host CDMprojects, thereby benefiting from associated investments, technology transfer and transfer of know-how. • In Economies in Transition (part of Annex 1): • JI present an opportunity for these countries with “emission reductions to spare” to attract investments and technology transfer. • What are the main opportunities for industrials? • > Technology transfer to improve process and energy efficiency • > Co-finance investments by selling emission credits • > Prepare for future commitments (after 2012) • > Achieve sustainable development

  36. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 36 / 48 KYOTO PROTOCOL Financial assistance • Special Climate Change Fund (UNFCCC) • Will fund projects relating to capacity building, adaptation, tech transfer, climate change mitigation, economic diversification for countries highly dependent on fossil fuel. • Least developed countries Fund (UNFCCC) • Will fund a special work programme to assist LDCs. • Adaptation Fund (Kyoto Protocol) • Global Environment Facility (GEF) • GEF is the operating entity of the financial mechanism and the main funding channel for developing countries.

  37. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 37 / 48 KYOTO PROTOCOL Assistance at national level What can be done at the national level? • > National reporting of GHG emissions; • > Sources of technical assistance; • > Training and technology transfer; • > Ensuring compliance: penalties for not meeting reduction targets (Annex B countries [Kyoto]): • “ For every 1 ton of CO2 emissions of non-compliance during the first implementation period, 1.3 must be reduced during the following implementation period.”

  38. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 38 / 48 CP & KYOTO PROTOCOL CP practitioners: focal points for action • 1/ Enabling activities - overcoming barriers • > work with government • > work with industry • 2/ Kyoto Protocol implementation • > work with JI or CDM projects as project partner/proponent • 3/ Function as a verification agency (DOE) • > auditing and on-going verification

  39. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 39 / 48 CP & KYOTO PROTOCOL CP practitioners (2) How can they work with governments ? • > Public sector awareness and education • > Policy advice related to industries’ needs to enable JI/CDM projects, in co-ordination with National CDM authority. • > Build relationship with National JI/CDM authority: • - co-operation on awareness-raising, workshops; • - co-operation with policy advice to government; • - co-operation with pilot studies, projects.

  40. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 40 / 48 CP & KYOTO PROTOCOL CP practitioners (3) How can they work with industry ? • > Private sector awareness and education workshops. • > Continued emphasis on enhancement of energy efficiency in relevant sectors including GHG measurements: • - renewable energy sources • - energy conversion and recovery • - new energy efficient processes • - technology transfer for non-energy-related GHG reductions • > Develop projects with industry: • - integrate greenhouse gas calculations into in-plant assessments; • - transfer CP investment financing knowledge toward JI/CDM related project development for.

  41. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 41 / 48 CP & KYOTO PROTOCOL Synthesis Policy advice on industry’sneeds to enable JI/CDM. With national focal point (NFP), submit pilot and full-scale projects to GEF. Engage in technology needs assessments project with NFP. Propose JI/CDM projects. Raise awareness of JI/CDM opportunities among local key industries and partners. Assistance in formulation of National Implementation Plans(GHG inventories, needs, etc.). CleanerProductionActivities KyotoProtocol

  42. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 42 / 48 INFORMATIONS & TOOLS Official websites UNFCCC, site of the Convention http://unfccc.int IPCC, Intergovernmental Panelon Climate Change http://www.ipcc.ch

  43. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 43 / 48 INFORMATIONS & TOOLS Technology Information System (1) • TT:CLEAR • > Web-based technology transfer information system / clearing house developed by the secretariat. • > Up-to-date information on the latest technology transfer projects and case studies of successful technology transfer, environmentally sound technologies and know-how. • > http://ttclear.unfccc.int

  44. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 44 / 48 INFORMATIONS & TOOLS Technology Information System (2) • > Over 40 case studies; • > More than 600 links to relevant web sites; • > An inventory of methods, models and tools; • > Inventory of technology cooperation projects: • Projects cited in National Communications of Annex I Parties or non-Annex 1; • Projects cited in submissions from Parties within the consultative process • > Activities implemented jointly projects; • > Global Environmental Facility projects and programmes; • > Some bilateral projects not reported in national communications of Annex I Parties, • > Some multilateral projects and programmes such as non-GEF related activities of UNEP, UNDP, UNIDO, regional development banks and other multilateral implementing agencies.

  45. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 45 / 48 INFORMATIONS & TOOLS GHG Indicator • UNEP Greenhouse Gas Indicator • > UNEP guidelines for calculating greenhouse gas emissions for businesses and non-commercial organizations. • > http://www.unep.fr/energy/tools/ghgin/index.htm

  46. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 46 / 48 INFORMATIONS & TOOLS GERIAP • GERIAP - Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction from Industry in Asia and the Pacific (2001-2006) • > The project seeks to support Asian businesses to become more energy efficient. • > The project home page contains a complete set of tools and information for business, government and intermediaries, including case studies, work sheets and guideline materials. • > http://www.energyefficiencyasia.org • >http://www.geriap.org

  47. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 47 / 48 INFORMATIONS & TOOLS CP-EE projects • Promoting Industrial Energy Efficiency through a Cleaner Production / Environmental Management System Framework • > UNEP project to use CPO for improving energy efficiency in industry • > Focus on capacity building in National CP Centers • > The CP-EE Manual on CD-ROM • > http://www.unep.fr/energy/projects/cp-ee/cpee_project.htm

  48. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 48 / 48 CONCLUSION End of session 4 Thank you for your attention… Any questions?

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