Introduction: Page 1 of 3

Introduction: Page 1 of 3

No portion of this presentation may be reproduced in any form without permission from the author • Photo credits • Spec. Rescue International, Virginia Beach, VA • Airshore International, Steve Cudmore • Paratech, Nigel Letherby • Chuck Wehrli, Naperville Illinois Fire Department • Bob Schip, Flemington-Ruritan First Aid and Rescue Squad • Illustrations • Steve Campbell Introduction: Page 2 of 3

Trench Rescue • Before you get started • Course description • Disclaimer • Objective • Note to instructors • Personal protective equipment requirements • Facilities needed for lecture • Facilities needed for practical Introduction: Page 3 of 3

Unit One Considerations for Specialized Operations Unit 1: Page 1 of 9

Unit One : Terminal Objective • To determine the considerations that make specialized rescue operations different from traditional fire and rescue work Unit 1: Page 2 of 9

Unit One: Enabling Objectives • Define the term technical rescue as it applies to the big three • Discuss the rescue training cycle as it pertains to specialized operations • Identify the four service levels associated with all technical rescue operations Unit 1: Page 3 of 9

The Big Three Special people Special equipment Special training Unit 1: Page 4 of 9

The Specialized Training Cycle Specialized training cycle • Constant circle of evaluation • Your people • Your equipment • Your training Constant circle of evaluation continually recruiting, evaluate equipment, frequent training Unit 1: Page 5 of 9

Service Levels • Awareness • Identify hazards and incident stabilization • Operations • Initial rescue operations and support • Shoring in non-intersecting trenches > 8 feet • Technician • Intersecting and deep trenches • Maintain “skills package” • Instructor • Team members certified in course development Unit 1: Page 6 of 9

Unit Training Levels • Awareness • Units - 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, and 14 • Operations • Units - 2, 5, 9, 12, 16, 17, 18, 19, Appendix 1 and 4 • Technician • Units - 15 and 19 Unit 1: Page 7 of 9

Unit One: Summary • Technical rescue as it applies to the big three • The rescue training cycle as it pertains to specialized operations • The four service levels associated with all technical rescue operations Unit 1: Page 8 of 9

Unit One: Questions 1. The term big three refers to specialized rescue operations that require: 2. The service level(s) identified by NFPA 1670 that apply to rescue operations and may be an indicator of level of competency are Instructor, Awareness, Operations, and Technician. 3. Operations level personnel are trained to: Answers and discussion on page 237 Unit 1: Page 9 of 9

Unit Three Preparing the Rescue Scene Unit 3: Page 1 of 13

Unit Three: Terminal Objective • To understand the various methods that can be used to form and maintain a fully functional and effective team for trench rescue. Unit 3: Page 2 of 13

Unit Three: Enabling Objectives • Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of being self sufficient, community dependent, or regional trench rescue team • Determine the most advantageous physical and mental characteristics of potential trench team members • Explain the T.E.A.M. acronym as it applies to trench rescue Unit 3: Page 3 of 13

Unit Three: Enabling Objectives • Describe the weight, size, and characteristics of the equipment used in trench rescue • Understand the need for choosing the most appropriate method to move and store trench rescue equipment • Explain the advantages and disadvantages of each type of trench apparatus Unit 3: Page 4 of 13

Self Sufficient Rescue Team • Pros • Commitment to training and personnel • Much specialized equipment • Means of transporting equipment • Cons • Most expensive Unit 3: Page 5 of 13

Community Dependent Team Pros • In frequency of events may make this most feasible • Economical Cons • Must still have trained personnel • Up keep of logistics and call back list Unit 3: Page 6 of 13

Regional Team • Pros • Cost-effective • Reduces individual organizational cost • Cons • Difficult to maintain • Maintaining organizational agreements and commitment Unit 3: Page 7 of 13

Success is in members of team Should be physically fit Should be mentally fit Have good construction skills Team should have trained medic personnel Team players (T.E.A.M.) Your Team Unit 3: Page 8 of 13

The “T.E.A.M.”Acronym T ogether E veryone A ccomplishes M ore What are some examples of teamwork in action? Unit 3: Page 9 of 13

Getting Equipment to the Scene • Doesn’t have to be a fancy rig • Vehicle extrication truck not appropriate • Dump or flat bed vehicle • Utility trailers • Custom and converted vehicles • Pod type transportation Unit 3: Page 10 of 13

Types of Trench Transportation Flat bed truck Custom/ Converted Dump bed vehicle Pod Unit 3: Page 11 of 13

Unit Three: Summary • Advantages and disadvantages of being self sufficient, community dependent, or a regional trench rescue team • Advantageous physical and mental characteristics of potential trench team members • T.E.A.M. acronym as it applies to trench rescue Unit 3: Page 12 of 13

Unit Three: Questions 1. There are a number of different methods to move and store your equipment. Which of the following would be least appropriate: 2. The most reliable form of rescue team development is the: 3. By far the most important aspect concerning the potential success of your team will be: Answers and discussion on page 238 Unit 3: Page 13 of 13

Unit Four Introduction to Trench Rescue Unit 4: Page 1 of 20

Unit Four: Terminal Objective • To understand the necessity of maintaining a competent trench rescue team in your community. Unit 4: Page 2 of 20

Unit Four Enabling Objectives • Describe the conditions that require compliance with the Excavation Standard, and the emergency service organization’s relationship with ASHA pertaining to trench collapse operations • Describe the history of the OSHA Standard on Excavations and explain how the current standard is performance based • Provide an understanding of OSHA’s Standard on Excavations, its enforcement role, and subsequent relationship with emergency service organizations Unit 4: Page 3 of 20

Unit Four: Enabling Objectives • Explain the reasons for non-compliance with the trench standard based on cost and installation of traditional sheeting and shoring • Discuss trench injury and fatality statistics as they compare to other areas of construction • Recall from memory trench terminology as identified in the excavation standard • Explain how cost and demographics play a role in non-compliance Unit 4: Page 4 of 20

Unit Four: Enabling Objectives • Describe way in which machines and rigging can fail and create emergencies at a trench site • Discuss the potential problems that can occur from below grade atmospheric hazards Unit 4: Page 5 of 20

Trenches and Excavations • Placement of underground utilities • Removal of old utility systems • Removal and placement of underground storage tanks • Building foundations • Basement construction • Can you name more? Unit 4: Page 6 of 20

Trench Statistics • Trench accidents have a higher fatality rate • Approximately 100 fatalities per year • 1000 to 1500 injuries - many permanently disabling • Two types of trench rescues • Dead victims and live victims Unit 4: Page 7 of 20

Trench Terminology • Trench and excavation • Competent person • Floor • Walls • Ends • Spoil pile • Toe Unit 4: Page 8 of 20

CFR 1926 Subpart P, Excavations Key Areas • Scope • Application • Definitions • General requirements • Requirements for protective systems Appendix A Appendix B, C, D, E, F Unit 4: Page 9 of 20

OSHA CFR 1926 Subpart P • Previous “Contract Work Hours Standard Act” • Inadvertent non-compliance • Recommended systems cost more than fine • Current standard has 80% of original act contents Unit 4: Page 10 of 20

OSHA CFR 1926 Subpart P • New standard is performance based • Maintains consistent soil classification system • Protective systems development flexibility • Fines and penalties increased • May include equipment impoundment Unit 4: Page 11 of 20

OSHA CFR 1926 Subpart P • General Requirements • All trenches must be protected before entry except: • Those made entirely of stable rock • Less than five feet in depth, inspected by a competent person, and no potential for cave-in • More than five including height of spoil pile must be protected Unit 4: Page 12 of 20

OSHA CFR 1926 Subpart P • General Requirements • Spoil pile must have two foot set back from lip • Means of egress every twenty five feet • Determination of atmospheric hazards • Water accumulation • Determination of soil classification • Inspection by competent person for: • Secondary cave-in potential, protective system failure, and atmosphere Unit 4: Page 13 of 20

OSHA and Trench Rescue • Application of standard varies by locality • OSHA requires compliance if: • employee/employer relationship exist • trench operations is part of your job • Paid/volunteer issues • Other AHJ considerations concerning compliance Unit 4: Page 14 of 20

How OSHA Views Trench Rescue • We over engineer our systems • Time in trench is limited to rescue • OSHA will get involved if there is a: • civilian or rescuer injury or death • death of anyone involved in a construction incident • request by AHJ Unit 4: Page 15 of 20

Protective system cost Time equals money Socioeconomic and demographic issues Victims do not understand hazards Noncompliance Unit 4: Page 16 of 20

Most trench emergencies are other than a collapse Equipment failure and load management Rigging Atmospheric problems Accidents Without a Cave-In Unit 4: Page 17 of 20

Unit Four: Summary • The excavation standard and the emergency service organization’s relationship with OSHA • History of the excavation standard and how the new standard is performance based • Trench terminology in the excavation standard • Cost and demographics in trench rescue non-compliance • Accidents without a cave-in • Below grade atmospheric hazards Unit 4: Page 18 of 20

Unit Four: Questions • Statistics show that trench accidents have a ____ fatality rate than other types of construction accidents: • The OSHA standard for trenches and excavations is: • On the scene of a trench or excavation you would expect to find a person familiar with all aspects of soil types and testing called: • A trench is an excavation that is generally deeper than it is wide but its width measured at the bottom does not exceed 15 feet. • Egress ladders in a trench must be within___ feet of a worker in a protected trench: Answers and discussion on page 239 Unit 4: Page 19 of 20

Unit Four: Questions 6. The overriding reasons for contractor non-compliance with trench protective systems is: 7. The minimum setback requirements for the excavated spoil pile is: 8. The OSHA standard on trenches and excavations is: 9. The OSHA standard was originally part of the: 10. The height of the spoil pile is taken into account when determining the need for a protective system. Unit 4: Page 20 of 20

Unit Six Soil Physics Unit 6: Page 1 of 9

Unit Six: Terminal Objective • To understand the role that physics and physical forces associated with soil have in trenching and excavation emergencies. Unit 6: Page 2 of 9

Unit Six: Enabling Objectives • Explain how gravity plays a key role in trench failure. • Describe the term “unconfined Compressive Strength” as it applies to trenches and excavations. • Define the terms active and passive soils. • Summarize the effects of water as they apply to soil strength. Unit 6: Page 3 of 9

Unit Six: Enabling Objectives • Describe how the weight of most soils can be determined mathematically. • Explain how the cubic weight of soil leads to trench failure. • Summarize the most dangerous portion of an un-shored trench, and how a properly shored trench transfers potential energy. Unit 6: Page 4 of 9

Gravity Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) Hydrostatic pressure Active and passive soils Soil Physics Unit 6: Page 5 of 9

Introduction: Page 1 of 3