RUSSIA 1906-1914

1. RUSSIA 1906-1914 REPRESSION AND REFORMS

2. THREE KEY THEMES copy Rise and Fall of the Duma Limited social and economic progress made in Russia Rise and Fall of Pytor Stolypin

3. RECAP: 1905 October Manifesto Promised a Duma (elected parliament) Promised Freedoms of speech, assembly and association WHY? To end rioting and strikes collectively known as the ‘1905 Revolution’

4. 1st Duma: April – July 1906 What did the Duma want? Who did not agree with the Duma’s demands? How was this Duma closed down?

5. FIRST DUMA27 April – 21 July 1906 April 1906 the FUNDAMENTAL LAW was issued by the Government setting out the limits of the reform concluding: The Emperor was confirmed as absolute leader, with complete control of the executive, foreign policy, church, and the armed forces. The State Duma became a lower chamber and the reformed State Council of Imperial Russia became an upper chamber. Legislation had to be approved by the Duma, the Council and the Emperor to become law - and in "exceptional conditions" the government could bypass the Duma.

6. ‘Duma of Public Anger’27 April – 21 July 1906 Demands: Release of political prisoners, trade union rights, land reforms and a share in government Rejection: Chairman of the Council of Ministers, Prime Minister Ivan Goremykin, rejected all these claims, so the Duma passed a vote of no confidence the government. Nicholas surrounded the Duma with troops and and dissolved it (it has lasted only 75 days)

7. 2nd Duma: Feb – June 1907 Why did Nicholas call another Duma? Who was the PM at this time? Why was this Duma dissolved?

8. SECOND DUMAFebruary– June 1907 Vyborg Appeal: After dissolution of the First Duma the Kadets called for passive resistance, non-payment of taxes and draft avoidance Kadets arrested and excluded from participating in any more Dumas Nicholas reluctant to call another Duma but did so out of fear of further disturbances. This time the Duma contained not only the liberals but also the Social Democrats and Social Revolutionaries who aimed to destroy the autocracy. On 1 June 1907 prime minister Pyotr Stolypin accused social-democrats in preparation of armed uprising and demanded from Duma to exclude 55 social-democrats from Duma sessions and strip 16 of them from parliamentary immunity. When this ultimatum was rejected by Duma, it was dissolved on 3 June

9. PYOTR STOLYPIN 1862 -1911 1906-1911 Prime Minister (head of Council of State) Assassinated 1911 1906-1907 Organised the post 1905 repression and spent his time putting down reform (e.g. Kadets) Described as cold, tough, abrasive, ambitious, organised, nationalistic, anti-Semitic Determined to improve efficiency of tsarism through conservative reforms Nicholas increasingly disliked Stolpyin for his criticisms of Rasputin and his defence that the Duma had a role to play in Russia politics. Retained for his abiltiy to manage the Duma.

10. 3rd Duma: 1907-1912 Why was the 3rd Duma full of right wing parties? What were some of Stolypin’s reforms? Why was Stolypin disliked? What happened to Stolypin in 1911?

11. THIRD DUMA: 1907-1912 ‘Stoylpin’s Coup’: franchise restricted to reduce the influence of radicals and national minorities. Landowners and owners of city properties votes had greater values. = Right wing parties were more dominant in the Duma. SRs boycotted the election and relations between Stolypin and the Duma (mostly Octoberists) improved. Bolsheviks’ dismissed the Duma as being a ‘rubber stamp for government policy’ Some reforms achieved including national insurance scheme for industrial workers

12. STOLYPIN’S POLICIES OF REFORM • Suppression first and then reform (combat aftermath of revolutionary violence). Over 3000 executed, 21000 exiled to Siberia‘. Stolypin’s Necktie’ - nickname for the gallows • Realised brute force would not solve every problems – feared outbreaks in the countryside if the peasants remained poor. Wanted to de-revolutionise the peasants and create a new class of rich/middle class peasants called ‘kulaks’ -to destroy the power of the village communes ‘mirs’ -hardworking peasants would want to leave the communes and set up their own farms -peasant landowners (kulaks) would want peace and help preventt revolution -poorest peasants should remain cheap labour and easy to control -promoted individual ownership of property (anti-Socialism) -Peasants Land Bank provided peasants with loans to increase land holdings -Enclosed strips of land to create single farms • Reforms led to: improvement in industry, wage increases, good harvests, millions of peasants bought their own land creating new efficient farms. • BUT: needed longer to implement reforms, did not address Russia’s backward technology or account for the growth in the rural population.

13. VIEWS OF STOLYPIN • Disliked by Duma because he controlled their limited power • Disliked by Tsarina because he wanted Rasputin exiled • Disliked by the Tsar for the above reason and Stolypin’s defence of the Duma • Disliked by Revolutionaries because they were excluded under his repression and electoral reforms • Disliked by revolutionary leaders as they feared he might be successful in helping Russia avoid a revolution

14. STOLYPIN’S ASSASSINATION Attending an opera in Kiev. Out of favour with Tsar for advising exile of Rasputin. Shot twice by Dmitri Bogrov, died four days later. Bogrov , a radical leftists, hanged 10 days later (some say it was actually Conservative Monarchists behind the assassination fearing Stolypin’s reforms and influence with the Tsar)

15. 4th Duma: 1912-1917 What conditions in Russia did the 4th Duma face? Why did it dissolve itself in 1914? Why did it reinstate itself in 1915?

16. FOURTH DUMA1912-1917 Controlled by right wing groups. Industrial unrest growing as trade unions still illegal. 1912-1914 strikes and uprisings by landless peasants growing. Dissolved itself in 1914 with the outbreak of war. August 1915 Nicholas conceded to its reinstatement after growing concerns over the Tsar’s control of the military and war effort.

17. Summary Why was the Duma so unsuccessful? (paragraph response).